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Ocean Noise or Ocean Noise Pollution refers to unwanted sound within the earth's oceans. This underwater noise pollution, usually anthropogenic in origin, has many sources such as transportation and shipping, coastal construction (such as underwater percussive piling), offshore drilling and seismic exploration, and military sonar.
Marine animals such as whales, dolphins, and other marine mammals rely on their hearing for echolocation and communication with companions. A deafening environment might affect their ability to locate food, to navigate, and to communicate. It has also been shown to physiologically impact them by way of chronic stress. [1]
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A number of studies have suggested that human-induced noise pollution in the world's oceans also pose a threat to whales, dolphins, and other marine mammals. Baleen whales communicate using low-frequency acoustic signals. In sea water, sound travels more than 4 times faster and 100 times farther than it does in air. [2] A whale's call can thus travel hundreds of kilometers (even thousands of kilometers in the ' deep sound channel' [3]), allowing social contact over very large distances. [4] However, low-frequency (20–200 Hz) noise from large ships overlaps acoustic signals used by baleen whales, thus drowning out and inhibiting their communication. Reported responses of whales to increased noise include: habitat displacement, behavioral changes and alterations in the intensity, frequency and intervals of calls. [1]
Beyond these behavioral responses to noise, however, definitive evidence linking noise to any physiological impact on whales has remained elusive. The first clear evidence was found in a 2011 re-analysis and correlation of data that had been gathered during unrelated studies that were performed ten years earlier in the Bay of Fundy. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, there was an immediate and dramatic decline in shipping activity. This resulted in a 6 dB decrease in underwater noise with a significant reduction below 150 Hz. At the same time, another study showed decreased baseline levels of stress-related fecal hormone metabolites ( glucocorticoids) in North Atlantic right whales. In other words, the whales were less stressed during this period. This is the first evidence that exposure to low-frequency ship noise may be associated with chronic stress in whales, and has implications for all baleen whales in heavy ship traffic areas, and for recovery of this endangered right whale population. [1]