Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) has been used as a substance abuse treatment, especially in the form of levo-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP). l-THP is contained in plant species of the genera Stephania and Corydalis and herbal preparations derived from these plants. It has been approved for use in China under the trade name Rotundine.[1] THP is one of the active ingredients in Jinniu capsules, a Chinese pill formulation.[2] A comparison of Jinniu and lofexidine found no significant difference in their effects on acute heroin withdrawal symptoms.[2]
Shi, Jie; Xu, Guo-zhu; Liu, Ting-ting; Wang, Xi; Shen, Li-yang; Li, Jing; Hao, Wei; Chen, Hong-xian; Li, Su-xia; Lu, Lin (2008). "A Comparative Clinical Study of the Effects of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinniu Capsules and Lofexidine on Acute Heroin Withdrawal Symptoms". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 34 (6). Informa UK Limited: 792–800.
doi:
10.1080/00952990802491563.
ISSN0095-2990.
PMID19016185.
S2CID27172036.
Further reading
Cao, G., Zhang, Y., Zhu, L., Zhu, J., Zhao, N., Dong, N., ... & Chen, T. (2018). The inhibitory effect of levo-tetrahydropalmatine on the methamphetamine-induced spatial memory impairment in mice. Neuroscience letters, 672, 34-39.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.018
Chen, Y. J., Liu, Y. L., Zhong, Q., Yu, Y. F., Su, H. L., Toque, H. A., ... & Chen, T. (2012). Tetrahydropalmatine protects against methamphetamine-induced spatial learning and memory impairment in mice. Neuroscience bulletin, 28(3), 222-232.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-012-1236-4
Chu, Hongyuan; Jin, Guozhang; Friedman, Eitan; Zhen, Xuechu (21 August 2007). "Recent Development in Studies of Tetrahydroprotoberberines: Mechanism in Antinociception and Drug Addiction". Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 28 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 491–499.
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10.1007/s10571-007-9179-4.
ISSN0272-4340.
PMID17710533.
S2CID32614718.
Du, Y., Du, L., Cao, J., Hölscher, C., Feng, Y., Su, H., ... & Yun, K. M. (2017). Levo-tetrahydropalmatine inhibits the acquisition of ketamine-induced conditioned place preference by regulating the expression of ERK and CREB phosphorylation in rats. Behavioural brain research, 317, 367-373.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.001
Faison, S. (2015). The Development of levo-Tetrahydropalmatine as a Treatment for Nicotine Addiction (Doctoral dissertation).
http://hdl.handle.net/10713/4614
Faison, S. L. (2015). The development of levo-tetrahydropalmatine as a treatment for nicotine addiction (Order No. 3704571). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1687433202). Retrieved from
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Faison, S. L., Schindler, C. W., Goldberg, S. R., & Wang, J. B. (2016). l-tetrahydropalmatine reduces nicotine self-administration and reinstatement in rats. BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology, 17(1), 49. Retrieved from
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Faison, S. L., Schindler, C. W., Goldberg, S. R., & Wang, J. B. (2016). l-tetrahydropalmatine reduces nicotine self-administration and reinstatement in rats. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 17(1), 49.
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Figueroa-Guzman, Y., Mueller, C., Vranjkovic, O., Wisniewski, S., Yang, Z., Li, S. J., ... & Mantsch, J. R. (2011). Oral administration of levo-tetrahydropalmatine attenuates reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking by cocaine, stress or drug-associated cues in rats. Drug and alcohol dependence, 116(1-3), 72-79.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.023
Ge XQ, Zhang HQ, Zhou HZ, Xu ZG, Bian CF. Experimentalstudy of tetrahydroprotoberines inhibiting morphine withdrawalsyndromes. Chin J Drug Depend 1999; 8: 178–84
Gong, X., Yue, K., Ma, B., Xing, J., Gan, Y., Wang, D., . . . Li, C. (2016). Levo-tetrahydropalmatine, a natural, mixed dopamine receptor antagonist, inhibits methamphetamine self-administration and methamphetamine-induced reinstatement. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 144, 67-72. doi:
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Gong, X., Yue, K., Ma, B., Xing, J., Gan, Y., Wang, D., . . . Li, C. (2016). Levo-tetrahydropalmatine, a natural, mixed dopamine receptor antagonist, inhibits methamphetamine self-administration and methamphetamine-induced reinstatement. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 144, 67-72. doi:
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Jin GZ. Discoveries in the voyage of corydalis research. Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers; 2001.
Kim, T., Hinton, D. J., Johng, S., Wang, J. B., & Choi, D. S. (2013). Levo-tetrahydropalmatine decreases ethanol drinking and antagonizes dopamine D2 receptor-mediated signaling in the mouse dorsal striatum. Behavioural brain research, 244, 58-65.
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Liu YL, Liang JH, Yan LD, Su RB, Wu CF, Gong ZH. Effects ofl-tetrahydropalmatine on locomotor sensitization to oxycodonein mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26: 533–8.
Liu, X. (2010). Pharmacological MRI investigation of levo-tetrahydropalmatine treatment mechanisms on drug addiction (Order No. 3415163). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (614034514). Retrieved from
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Liu, X., Yang, Z., Li, R., Xie, J., Yin, Q., Bloom, A. S., & Li, S. (2012). Responses of dopaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic networks to acute levo-tetrahydropalmatine administration in naive rats detected at 9.4 T. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 30(2), 261-270. doi:
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Liu, X., Yang, Z., Li, R., Xie, J., Yin, Q., Bloom, A. S., & Li, S. (2012). Responses of dopaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic networks to acute levo-tetrahydropalmatine administration in naïve rats detected at 9.4 T. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 30(2), 261-270. doi:
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Liu, Y. L., Liang, J. H., Su, R. B., Wu, C. F., & Gong, Z. H. (2005). Effects of l-tetrahydropalmatine on locomotor sensitization to oxycodone in mice. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 26(5), 533.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00101.x
Liu, Y., Yan, L., Zhou, P., Wu, C., & Gong, Z. (2009). Behavioural pharmacology: Levo-tetrahydropalmatine attenuates oxycodone-induced conditioned place preference in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 602(2-3), 321-327. doi:
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Mantsch, John R.; Li, Shi-Jiang; Risinger, Robert; Awad, Sarah; Katz, Eric; Baker, David A.; Yang, Zheng (15 March 2007). "Levo-tetrahydropalmatine attenuates cocaine self-administration and cocaine-induced reinstatement in rats". Psychopharmacology. 192 (4). Springer: 581–591.
doi:
10.1007/s00213-007-0754-7.
ISSN0033-3158.
PMID17361394.
S2CID23651147.
Mantsch, J. R., Wisniewski, S., Vranjkovic, O., Peters, C., Becker, A., Valentine, A., . . . Yang, Z. (2010). Levo-tetrahydropalmatine attenuates cocaine self-administration under a progressive-ratio schedule and cocaine discrimination in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 97(2), 310-316. doi:
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Su, H., Sun, T., Wang, X., Du, Y., Zhao, N., Zhu, J., . . . Yun, K. (2020). Levo-tetrahydropalmatine attenuates methamphetamine reward behavior and the accompanying activation of ERK phosphorylation in mice. Neuroscience Letters, 714, 134416. doi:
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Sushchyk, S., Xi, Z. X., & Wang, J. B. (2016). Combination of levo-tetrahydropalmatine and low dose naltrexone: a promising treatment for prevention of cocaine relapse. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 357(2), 248-257.
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Sushchyk, S., Xi, Z., & Wang, J. B. (2016). Combination of levo-tetrahydropalmatine and low dose naltrexone: A promising treatment for prevention of cocaine relapse. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 357(2), 248-257. doi:
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Xi, Z. X., Yang, Z., Li, S. J., Li, X., Dillon, C., Peng, X. Q., ... & Gardner, E. L. (2007). Levo-tetrahydropalmatine inhibits cocaine's rewarding effects: experiments with self-administration and brain-stimulation reward in rats. Neuropharmacology, 53(6), 771-782.
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YANG, Z., SHAO, Y., LI, S., QI, J., ZHANG, M., HAO, W., & JIN, G. (2008). Medication of l-tetrahydropalmatine significantly ameliorates opiate craving and increases the abstinence rate in heroin users: A pilot study. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 29(7), 781-788. doi:
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