Umbugarla | |
---|---|
Mbukarla | |
Region | Northern Territory |
Extinct | ca. 2000; with the death of Butcher Knight |
Darwin
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
umr |
Glottolog |
umbu1235 |
AIATSIS [1] |
N43 |
ELP | Umbugarla |
historic distribution of Umbugarla |
Umbugarla or Mbukarla is a possible Australian language isolate once spoken by three people in Arnhem Land, northern Australia, in 1981, and is now extinct.
Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labial | Velar | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
Plosive | b | ɡ | ɟ | d | ɖ |
Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n | ɳ |
Lateral | ʎ | l | ɭ | ||
Rhotic | ɽ | ||||
Approximant | w | j | ɹ |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i iː | u uː |
Mid | ɛ | ɔ |
Low | a aː |
Phoneme | Allophones |
---|---|
/ a/ | [ ä], [ äː], [ æ], [ ɛ], [ ə], [ ɒ], [ o] |
/ ɛ/ | [ ɛ], [ ɛː] |
/ i/ | [ i], [ iː], [ ɨ], [ ʉ], [ ə], [ eː] |
/ u/ | [ u], [ uː], [ o], [ oː], [ ʉ], [ ə] |
/ uː/ | [ uː], [ oː] |
Umbugarla was once considered a language isolate (together with Ngurmbur as a dialect), but Mark Harvey has made a case for it being part of a family of Darwin Region languages. [3]