Typhoon Jebi, known in the
Philippines as Super Typhoon Maymay, was the costliest
typhoon in Japan's history in terms of insured losses. Jebi formed from a tropical disturbance south-southwest of
Wake Island on August 26 and became the twenty-first named storm of the
2018 Pacific typhoon season on August 27. Amid favorable environmental conditions, Jebi quickly strengthened into a
typhoon on August 29 as it headed west and
rapidly intensified as it passed the
Northern Mariana Islands on August 30. Jebi reached its peak intensity as a
Category 5-equivalent typhoon on August 31, with 10-minute
sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph), 1-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph), and a minimum
pressure of 915
hPa (
mbar; 27.02
inHg). Afterwards, Jebi began a slow weakening trend as it turned northwest, briefly passing through the
Philippine Area of Responsibility on September 2. Jebi accelerated north-northeast towards Japan on September 3 as it interacted with the
westerlies, and made
landfalls over
Shikoku and near
Kobe early on September 4. Jebi quickly weakened over land and became an
extratropical cyclone later that day over the
Sea of Japan. Its remnants moved over the
Russian Far East before dissipating on September 9.
Jebi was the strongest typhoon to make landfall in Japan since
Yancy in
1993 and left significant effects across the
Kansai region. The typhoon's powerful winds, which broke wind records at 100 Japanese weather stations, damaged nearly 98,000 houses and left nearly 3 million customers without electricity after blowing down power lines. Heavy rains combined with wind and
storm surge to flood over 700 houses and cause widespread damage to infrastructure, including several
shrines and historical buildings. Agricultural damage from the adverse weather conditions was significant, with losses from the agricultural, forestry, and fishing industries valued at almost
JP¥47 billion (US$430 million).[nb 1] Fruits were blown off trees, crops were
lodged, and power outages affected the storage of livestock and produce. Storm surge inundated part of
Kansai International Airport, which, combined with wind and rain damage to the terminals, forced the airport to close from September 4 to 13.[2] Furthermore, access to the airport was cut off when the typhoon blew a
tanker into the bridge connecting the airport to the mainland; repairs to the bridge were completed seven months later. Fourteen people were killed in Japan—mostly from falls and flying debris—and 980 were injured. Insured losses were estimated at US$13–14 billion, of which more than a third was from
Osaka Prefecture.
Elsewhere, Jebi brought minor flooding to the Northern Mariana Islands as it passed to the north on August 31. Heavy
swells produced by Jebi caused large waves along the coast of Taiwan that resulted in seven fatalities (including a suspected suicide) from September 2 to 3. As an extratropical cyclone on September 5, Jebi produced gusty winds across the Russian Far East, causing power outages and injuring three.
Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
A tropical disturbance was first noted by the
Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) on August 26 about 1,020 km (635 mi) south-southwest of
Wake Island.[3] The disturbance increased in organization over the next few hours, with
rainbands wrapping into a developing
low-level circulation center.[4] The
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression at 18:00
UTC on August 26,[5][nb 2] with the JTWC following suit at 06:00 UTC the next day.[7] Further development was expected as the depression tracked northwest around a
subtropical ridge, with high
sea surface temperatures and low
wind shear ahead in the system's anticipated path.[8] The JMA deemed the cyclone to have attained tropical storm status at 18:00 UTC on August 27 and
assigned it the nameJebi;[5][nb 3] with this, Jebi became the twenty-first named storm of the
2018 Pacific typhoon season.[10] The JTWC similarly upgraded the system six hours later.[7] With favorable winds aloft aiding the development of thunderstorm activity, Jebi continued to strengthen as it turned more westward under the influence of the subtropical ridge.[11] The JMA upgraded Jebi to a severe tropical storm at 12:00 UTC on August 28 as its
maximum sustained winds increased to 95 km/h (60 mph).[5][nb 4]
Amid the favorable environment, Jebi began to intensify more quickly on August 29, reaching typhoon status at 06:00 UTC as it developed an
eye feature visible on
microwavesatellite imagery.[13][5][7]Rapid intensification commenced later that day, as a
central dense overcast blossomed over the system's center.[14] From August 29 to 30, Jebi's satellite presentation swiftly improved as its eye cleared out and contracted to a diameter of 19 km (12 mi), while
convection surrounding the eye deepened.[15][16] The JTWC analyzed that Jebi intensified into a super typhoon by 18:00 UTC on August 30 with winds of 260 km/h (160 mph),[nb 5] representing an increase of 95 km/h (60 mph) in the past 24 hours.[18] The JMA reported that Jebi reached its peak intensity at 00:00 UTC on August 31 with winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) and a central
pressure of 915
hPa (
mbar; 27.02
inHg);[5] the JTWC estimated that Jebi's winds continued to increase and peaked at 285 km/h (180 mph) at 06:00 UTC.[7]
Jebi on September 3, a day before landfall in Japan
Jebi's intensity leveled off thereafter as an
eyewall replacement cycle began, with the original eyewall encircled by a larger, secondary eyewall.[19] The cycle completed by 21:00 UTC on August 31 while Jebi began to curve northward through a weakness in the subtropical ridge.[20] Drier air then began to impinge on the southern portion on the circulation, resulting in continued weakening.[21] At the same time, upper-level winds pushed
subsiding air over the western part of Jebi's circulation, causing its convection to warm.[22] As a result, the JTWC assessed that Jebi had weakened below super typhoon status by 18:00 UTC on September 1.[7] Travelling northwestwards, Jebi entered the
Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) at 06:00 UTC on September 2 and received the local name Maymay;[23] Jebi exited the PAR roughly 12 hours later.[24] Slow weakening continued through September 3 as dry air and subsidence continued to affect Jebi's circulation. Despite this, Jebi managed to maintain a ragged yet well-defined eye.[25]
Later on September 3, an
extratropical cyclone approaching from the northwest began to accelerate Jebi north-northeast,[26] while interaction with the mid-latitude
westerlies caused Jebi to begin extratropical transition.[27] Racing poleward, Jebi made
landfall over southern
Tokushima Prefecture at around 03:00 UTC on September 4,[28] possessing winds of around 155 km/h (100 mph).[5][7] In the next two hours, Jebi crossed
Osaka Bay and made another landfall around 05:00 UTC near
Kobe,
Hyōgo Prefecture.[29] Land interaction and increasing wind shear rapidly weakened the system as it crossed Japan,[30] with the JTWC declaring that Jebi was no longer a tropical cyclone at 12:00 UTC on September 4, just hours after it entered the
Sea of Japan.[7] The JMA downgraded Jebi to a severe tropical storm at 18:00 UTC, before later declaring it post-tropical at 00:00 UTC on September 5 just offshore
Terneysky District, Russia. Over the next two days, the remnants of Jebi headed generally north over the
Russian Far East while gradually weakening, crossing the
60th parallel north before the JMA ceased tracking the system at 06:00 UTC on September 7.[5]
When Jebi veered northward on September 2 and 3, east of the
Ryukyu Islands, it brought large waves to the east coast of Taiwan. On September 2, at Mystery Beach in
Nan'ao Township,
Yilan County, five people riding
all-terrain vehicles were swept out to sea and drowned; at least four of the bodies were recovered. To prevent further loss of life, Mystery Beach was closed to the public from September 5 to 14.[35][36] At
Neipi Beach in
Su'ao Township, a passerby drowned while he was rescuing an eight-year-old girl on September 2.[35] One more death occurred there the next day: a woman was swept out to sea in what was suspected by an eyewitness to be a suicide.[37]
Typhoon Jebi was the most intense tropical cyclone to make landfall on Japan since
Typhoon Yancy in
1993, causing significant damage in the
Kansai region.[38] Fourteen people were killed across the country and 46 others were seriously injured, while another 934 people received minor injuries. The typhoon's strong winds damaged 97,910 houses, of which 68 collapsed and 833 suffered major damage, while heavy rains and
storm surge flooded another 707 houses. Another 6,527 buildings were damaged.[39] The General Insurance Association of Japan reported that nearly JP¥1.07 trillion (US$9.69 billion) in payouts had been made by March 2019, of which JP¥601 billion (US$5.44 billion) was in
Osaka Prefecture alone.[40] Insured losses were estimated at US$13–14 billion in December 2019, placing Jebi as the costliest typhoon to hit Japan in terms of insured losses.[41]
Jebi set new records for 10-minute maximum sustained winds at 53 weather stations and broke records for wind gusts at 100 weather stations in Japan, mostly on September 4.[56] The highest sustained winds from Jebi were recorded at
Cape Muroto, at 48.2 m/s (174 km/h; 108 mph). At
Kansai International Airport, a gust of 58.1 m/s (209 km/h; 130 mph) was recorded, which was significantly higher than the previous record set by Typhoon Cimaron just 12 days earlier. Significant winds occurred even in urban areas, with downtown
Wakayama experiencing maximum sustained winds of up to 39.7 m/s (143 km/h; 89 mph) and gusts reaching 57.4 m/s (207 km/h; 128 mph). Similarly, the financial center of Osaka,
Chūō-ku, recorded a maximum gust of 47.4 m/s (171 km/h; 106 mph).[57] The maximum storm surge produced by Jebi was 3.29 m (10.8 ft) in Osaka, surpassing the previous record of 2.93 m (9.6 ft) from the 2nd Muroto Typhoon (
Typhoon Nancy) in
1961.[58]
Across the Kansai Region, massive blackouts occurred as the typhoon blew down transmission lines, with over 2.2 million customers of
Kansai Electric Power Company losing power. Restoration works were fully completed only on September 20, having been hampered by fallen trees, collapsed houses, and landslides.[59][60][61] Other significant power outages were reported in the Chūbu region, with
Chubu Electric Power reporting 695,320 blackouts. Elsewhere, 16,040 households in the
Hokuriku region lost power, and another 14,000 households in the
Tōhoku region were left without power.[62]
Numerous incidents resulted from Jebi's high winds and heavy rain. In
Shiga Prefecture, a man died after the warehouse he was working in collapsed. A man in Osaka was blown off the second floor of a house and fell to his death; at least five more people in the eponymous prefecture were killed by falls or flying debris. Another man died after he fell from a roof in
Mie Prefecture. Part of the glass ceiling at
Kyōto Station collapsed, injuring multiple people.[63][64] In
Hachiōji, Tokyo, four people suffered cuts when a metal object fell from a building's roof. In neighboring
Saitama Prefecture, an elderly man in
Kawagoe was injured when he was blown over by a strong gust and a woman was hit by a flying object. Strong winds in
Tochigi Prefecture caused a woman to fall and hurt her shoulder, while two others fell while attempting to repair a window on the second floor of their house.[65] Fallen trees trapped 160 elementary school students on a school trip in Kyoto.[66] At the
Nintendo headquarters in Kyoto, the logo on the exterior of the building was damaged by strong winds.[67] The
LED lighting on the
Tsūtenkaku tower in Osaka was damaged by flying debris and made inoperable.[68] An oil refinery in
Sakai operated by
JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy was forced to partially shut after a cooling tower sustained damage.[69] Several shrines across Japan were damaged: the
Kasuga Grand Shrine in Nara had its arrival hall damaged by fallen trees, the
torii at the entrance of
Oji Shrine in Tokyo collapsed,[70] while the torii on the east side of the
Naganokengokoku Shrine [
ja] in
Matsumoto, Nagano, was destroyed.[71] One of the three
honden of
Ono Shrine [
ja] in
Shiojiri, Nagano, which were built in 1672, was severely damaged by a fallen tree.[72] The hall of worship at
Hirano Shrine in Kyoto was destroyed and 400
cherry blossom trees on the shrine's grounds were felled. At the nearby
Nishi Hongan-ji, a
UNESCOWorld Heritage Site, a wall on the southern face of the compound collapsed and a segment of the roof of the worship hall was peeled off.[73] Part of the cliff on the south side of
Ueda Castle collapsed, while an iron roof tile was blown off at the Katakurakan building in
Suwa, Nagano.[74] The trunk of a 400-year-old beech tree in the
Shirakami-Sanchi was snapped by Jebi's strong winds.[75] Along
Osaka Bay, the typhoon's storm surge carried away several
shipping containers. The
Port of Kobe lost 42 containers, which were eventually recovered 10 days later. Some residential areas surrounding the bay were inundated after the storm surge overtopped coastal defenses.[76] In
Nishinomiya, the rising waters caused 187 cars at an auctioneer's lot to catch fire by
short-circuiting their electrical systems.[42][55]
Damage to the Kansai International Airport Access Bridge.
Kansai International Airport Access Bridge, showing that a section of the bridge has broken in two.
Kansai International Airport was forced to close on September 4, as waves reaching 5 m (16 ft) in height overtopped coastal defenses and left a runway and cargo facilities inundated.[77][78] Access to the island was cut off on September 4 when a 2,591-tonne
tanker was unmoored by Jebi's strong winds and collided with the
only bridge connecting the airport to the mainland.[79][52] As a result, 8,000 passengers and staff were stranded in the airport and were evacuated by ferries and speedboats on September 5.[77] The 11 crewmembers on board the tanker were uninjured and were rescued by the coast guard.[78] The terminals experienced power outages, leaving passengers to wait without air conditioning.[79] A passenger sustained minor injuries from a window broken by the storm.[80] Partial operation of the airport resumed on September 6,[81] with flights allowed to operate out of the undamaged Terminal 2. Other flights were redirected to nearby
Itami and
Kobe Airports. Terminal 1 began to resume operations on September 13 and the previously flooded runway reopened on September 14.[82][83] The airport reopened fully on September 21, following repairs to an electric power facility and a baggage claim area at Terminal 1.[84] Repairs to the access bridge continued and were completed in April 2019.[85] The temporary closure of the airport—the country's third largest and a major export hub for manufacturers in the region—sparked fears that Japan's industrial production would suffer.[86] The absence of international flights caused tourism in Osaka to decline sharply, with about a quarter of retailers reporting their sales had halved in a survey conducted by
Nikkei.[87] The damage to transport infrastructure from a combination of Jebi and other natural disasters contributed to a larger-than-expected contraction in Japan's
gross domestic product for the third quarter of 2018.[88]
Costliest known Pacific typhoons (adjusted for inflation)
The agricultural, forestry, and fishing industries suffered significantly, with damage amounting to JP¥46.81 billion (US$42.39 million) across 33 prefectures. A total of 30,996
hectares (76,590
acres) of cropland was damaged by the typhoon's strong winds,[89] which blew down fruit trees and caused
lodging of vegetable and feed crops.[90] About JP¥11.88 billion (US$107.6 million) worth of crops were lost. Across 31 prefectures, 42,918 incidents of damage to agricultural infrastructure were reported, resulting in JP¥20.10 billion (US$182.0 million) of damage. Another 131 fishing boats and 406
aquaculture facilities were damaged.[89] In the
Tōkai region, some pigs suffocated after power outages stopped ventilation of the
stalls they were kept in. In Tōhoku and
Hokkaido, many apple farms suffered from
apple scab after the typhoon, exacerbating losses.[90] At an aquaculture facility off
Kushimoto, Wakayama, run by
Kindai University, 600
bluefin tuna were lost after the cage containing them broke, resulting in losses of JP¥100 million (US$906,000).[91] Extended power outages prevented farmers from shipping
raw milk in at least five prefectures. Jebi served to worsen damage inflicted by Typhoon Cimaron, which passed over roughly the same areas two weeks earlier.[92] At the end of September, the
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries announced it would be providing subsidies and grants to help farmers offset repair and reconstruction costs.[93]
Russian Far East
Jebi passed
Sakhalin Oblast as an extratropical cyclone on September 5. State media reported that the island experienced typhoon-force winds and precipitation above 30 mm (1.2 in). Fifteen settlements—or about 4,500 people—lost power. The town of
Makarov was left without drinking water after a
mudflow contaminated a reservoir. Train services on the island were halted.[94] Classes in the administrative center of
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk were suspended, and 13 flights at the
local airport were delayed.[95] In nearby
Khabarovsk Krai, a
state of emergency was declared in
Sovetskaya Gavan because of the inclement weather. Strong winds collapsed the roofs of a school and kindergarten; at the former, the falling roof fractured a girl's ankle. In
Vanino, a fallen tree left a woman in intensive care while her child suffered minor scratches.[96]
^Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the JTWC are sustained over 1 minute. On average, 1-minute winds are about 12% higher than 10-minute winds.[12]
^The JTWC defines a "super typhoon" as a tropical cyclone within the western North Pacific with sustained winds of at least 240 km/h (150 mph).[17]
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ab“弾丸台風” 各地に爪痕 出来秋なぎ倒す リンゴ、柿、トウモロコシ… ["Bullet typhoon" leaves its mark in many places, disrupting the autumn harvest: apples, persimmons, corn...]. The Japan Agricultural News (in Japanese). September 6, 2018. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
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