A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS or TNS) is a device that produces mild electric current to stimulate the nerves for therapeutic purposes. TENS, by definition, covers the complete range of
transcutaneously applied currents used for nerve excitation, but the term is often used with a more restrictive intent—namely, to describe the kind of pulses produced by portable stimulators used to reduce
pain.[citation needed] The unit is usually connected to the skin using two or more electrodes which are typically conductive gel pads. A typical battery-operated TENS unit is able to modulate pulse width, frequency, and intensity. Generally, TENS is applied at high frequency (>50
Hz) with an intensity below motor contraction (sensory intensity) or low frequency (<10 Hz) with an intensity that produces motor contraction. More recently, many TENS units use a mixed frequency mode which alleviates tolerance to repeated use. Intensity of stimulation should be strong but comfortable with greater intensities, regardless of frequency, producing the greatest analgesia. [1] While the use of TENS has proved effective in clinical studies, there is controversy over which conditions the device should be used to treat.[2]
Medical uses
Pain
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a commonly used treatment approach to alleviate acute and chronic pain by reducing the sensitization of
dorsal hornneurons, elevating levels of
gamma-aminobutyric acid and
glycine, and
inhibitingglial activation.[3] Many systematic reviews and meta-analyses assessing clinical trials looking at the
efficacy of TENS for different sources of pain, however, have been inconclusive due to a lack of high-quality and unbiased evidence.[4][5] Potential benefits of TENS treatment include its safety profile, relative affordability, ease of self-administration, and availability over-the-counter without a prescription.[4] In principle, an adequate intensity of stimulation is necessary to achieve pain relief with TENS.[6][7] An analysis of treatment fidelity—meaning that the delivery of TENS in a trial was in accordance with current clinical advice, such as using "a strong but comfortable sensation" and suitable, frequent treatment durations—showed that higher-fidelity trials tended to have a positive outcome.[8]
Acute pain
For people with recent-onset pain (i.e., fewer than three months), such as pain associated with surgery, trauma, and medical procedures, TENS may be better than placebo in some cases. The evidence of benefit is very weak, though.[4]
Musculoskeletal and neck/back pain
There is some evidence to support a benefit of using TENS in chronic musculoskeletal pain.[9] Results from a task force on
neck pain in 2008 found no
clinically significant benefit of TENS for the treatment of neck pain when compared to placebo. A 2010 review did not find evidence to support the use of TENS for chronic
low back pain.[10][11]
Another study examining
knee osteoarthritis patients found that TENS demonstrated efficacy and a better safety profile relative to weak opiates. Given the age, comorbidity frequency, tendency toward
polypharmacy, and sensitivity to adverse reactions among individuals most frequently reporting osteoarthritis, TENS could be a non-pharmacological alternative to
analgesics in the management of knee osteoarthritis pain.[12]
Early studies found that TENS "has been shown not to be effective in postoperative and labour pain." These studies also had questionable ability to truly
blind the patients.[17][18] However, more recent studies have shown that TENS was "effective for relieving labour pain, and they are well considered by pregnant participants."[19] One study also showed that there was a significant change in laboring individuals' time to request analgesia such as an epidural. The group with the TENS waited five additional hours relative to those without TENS. Both groups were satisfied with the pain relief that they had from their choices. No maternal, infant, or labor problems were noted.[20] There is tentative evidence that TENS may be helpful for treating pain from dysmenorrhoea, however further research is required.[21][22]
Cancer pain
Non-pharmacological treatment options for people experiencing pain caused by cancer are much needed, however, it is not clear from the weak studies that have been published if TENS is an effective approach.[23][24]
TENS has been extensively used in non-odontogenic orofacial pain relief.[31] In addition, TENS and ultra low frequency-TENS (ULF-TENS) are commonly employed in diagnosis and treatment of
temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD).[31] Further
clinical studies are required to determine its efficacy.[31]
Tremor
A wearable neuromodulation device that delivers electrical stimulation to nerves in the wrist is now available by prescription. Worn around the wrist, it acts as a non-invasive treatment for those living with
essential tremor.[32] The stimulator has electrodes that are placed circumferentially around a patient's wrist. Positioning the electrodes on generally opposing sides of the target nerve can result in improved stimulation of the nerve.[33] In clinical trials reductions in hand tremors were reported following noninvasive median and radial nerve stimulation.[34]
Transcutaneous afferent patterned stimulation (TAPS) is a tremor-customized therapy, based on the patient's measured tremor frequency, and is delivered transcutaneously to the median and radial nerves of a patient's wrist. The patient specific TAPS stimulation is determined through a calibration process performed by the accelerometer and microprocessor on the device.[35]
The Cala ONE delivers TAPS in a wrist-worn device that is calibrated to treat tremor symptoms. Cala ONE received de novo FDA clearance in April 2018 for the transient relief of hand tremors in adults with essential tremor and is currently marketed as Cala Trio.[35]
Contraindications
People who have implanted electronic medical devices including pacemakers and cardiodefibrillators are not suggested to use TENS.[4] In addition, caution should be taken before using TENS in those who are pregnant, have epilepsy, have an active malignancy, have
deep vein thrombosis, have skin that is damaged, or are frail.[4]
Side effects
Overall, TENS has been found to be safe compared with pharmaceutical medications for treating pain.[4] Potential side effects include skin itching near the electrodes and mild redness of the skin (
erythema).[4] Some people also report that they dislike the sensation associated with TENS.[4]
Device types
The TENS device acts to stimulate the sensory nerves and a small portion of the peripheral motor nerves; the stimulation causes multiple mechanisms to trigger and manage the sense of pain in a patient. TENS operates by two main mechanisms: it stimulates competing sensory neurons at the pain perception gate, and it stimulates the opiate response.[36] The mechanism that will be used varies with the type of device.[citation needed]
Stimulate narrow-diameter Aδ skin nerve fibers and create a counterstimulus (it will ease the existing stimulus)
For a short-term use of 5 to 15 minutes at a time
A fast response within the therapy range and a delayed response after it
History
Electrical stimulation for pain control was used in
ancient Rome, in AD 63. It was reported by
Scribonius Largus that pain was relieved by standing on an electrical fish at the seashore.[40] In the 16th through the 18th centuries various
electrostatic devices were used for headache and other pains.
Benjamin Franklin was a proponent of this method for pain relief.[41] In the 19th century a device called the electreat, along with numerous other devices were used for pain control and cancer cures. Only the electreat survived into the 20th century, but was not portable, and had limited control of the stimulus.[citation needed] Development of the modern TENS unit is generally credited to
C. Norman Shealy.[42]
Modern
The first modern, patient-wearable TENS was patented in the United States in 1974.[43] It was initially used for testing the tolerance of
chronic pain patients to electrical stimulation before
implantation of electrodes in the spinal cord dorsal column.[44] The electrodes were attached to an implanted receiver, which received its power from an antenna worn on the surface of the skin. Although intended only for testing tolerance to electrical stimulation, many of the patients said they received so much relief from the TENS itself that they never returned for the implant.[citation needed]
A number of companies began manufacturing TENS units after the commercial success of the
Medtronic device became known. The neurological division of Medtronic, founded by Don Maurer, Ed Schuck and Charles Ray, developed a number of applications for implanted electrical stimulation devices for treatment of epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders of the nervous system.[citation needed]
Today many people confuse TENS with
electrical muscle stimulation (EMS). EMS and TENS devices look similar, with both using long electric lead wires and electrodes. TENS is for blocking pain, where EMS is for stimulating muscles.[citation needed]
Research
As reported, TENS has different effects on the brain.[14] A
randomized controlled trial in 2017 shown that sensory
ULF-TENS applied on the skin proximally to
trigeminal nerve, reduced the effect of acute mental stress assessed by
heart rate variability (HRV).[45] Further high quality studies are required to determine the effectiveness of TENS for treating dementia.[46][47]
A head-mounted TENS device called
Cefaly was approved by the United States
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in March 2014, for the
prevention of migraines. The Cefaly device was found effective in preventing migraine attacks in a randomized sham-controlled trial.[48] This was the first TENS device the FDA approved for pain prevention, as opposed to pain suppression.[49]
A study performed on healthy human subjects demonstrates that repeated application of TENS can generate analgesic tolerance within five days, reducing its efficacy.[50] The study noted that TENS causes the release of
endogenous opioids, and that the analgesia is likely due to
opioid tolerance mechanisms.[50]
The pain reduction ability of TENS is unconfirmed by sufficient randomized controlled trials so far. One meta-analysis of several hundred TENS studies concluded that there was a significant overall reduction of pain intensity due to TENS, but there were too few participants and controls to be entirely certain of their validity. Therefore, the authors downgraded their confidence in the results by two levels, to low-certainty.[51]
Safety
There are several anatomical locations where TENS electrodes are
contraindicated:
Through the chest using anterior and posterior electrode positions,[52] or other transthoracic applications understood as "across a thoracic diameter"; this does not preclude coplanar applications[54]
Internally, except for specific applications of dental, vaginal, and anal stimulation that employ specialized TENS units[52]
On broken skin areas or wounds, although it can be placed around wounds[52]
TENS used across an artificial
cardiac pacemaker (or other indwelling stimulator, including across its leads) may cause interference and failure of the implanted device. Serious accidents have been recorded in cases when this principle was not observed. A 2009 review in this area suggests that electrotherapy, including TENS, is "best avoided" in patients with pacemakers or
implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). They add that "there is no consensus and it may be possible to safely deliver these modalities in a proper setting with device and patient monitoring", and recommend further research. The review found several reports of ICDs administering inappropriate treatment due to interference with TENS devices, but notes that the reports on pacemakers are mixed: some non-programmable pacemakers were inhibited by TENS, but others were unaffected or auto-reprogrammed.[55]
The use of TENS is likely to be less effective on areas of numb skin or decreased sensation due to nerve damage. It may also cause skin irritation due to the inability to feel currents until they are too high.[52] There is an unknown level of risk when placing electrodes over an
infection (possible spreading due to muscle contractions), but cross contamination with the electrodes themselves is of greater concern.[56] TENS should also be used with caution in people with epilepsy or pregnant women; do not use over area of the uterus as the effects of electrical stimulation over the developing fetus are not known.[54][57]
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