| Lineages | Temporal range ( kya) |
Habitat | Adult height | Adult mass |
Cranial capacity (cm3) |
Fossil record | Discovery | Publication of name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
H. habilis membership in Homo uncertain |
2,100–1,500 [a] [b] | Tanzania | 110–140 cm (3 ft 7 in – 4 ft 7 in) | 33–55 kg (73–121 lb) | 510–660 | Many | 1960 | 1964 |
|
H. rudolfensis membership in Homo uncertain |
1,900 | Kenya | 700 | 2 sites | 1972 | 1986 | ||
|
H. gautengensis also classified as H. habilis |
1,900–600 | South Africa | 100 cm (3 ft 3 in) | 3 individuals [3] [c] | 2010 | 2010 | ||
| H. erectus | 1,900–140 [4] [d] [5] [e] | Africa, Eurasia | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | 60 kg (130 lb) | 850 (early) – 1,100 (late) | Many [f] [g] | 1891 | 1892 |
|
H. ergaster African H. erectus |
1,800–1,300 [7] | East and Southern Africa | 700–850 | Many | 1949 | 1975 | ||
| H. antecessor | 1,200–800 | Western Europe | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 1,000 | 2 sites | 1994 | 1997 |
|
H. heidelbergensis early H. neanderthalensis |
600–300 [h] | Europe, Africa | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | 90 kg (200 lb) | 1,100–1,400 | Many | 1907 | 1908 |
|
H. cepranensis a single fossil, possibly H. heidelbergensis |
c. 450 [8] | Italy | 1,000 | 1 skull cap | 1994 | 2003 | ||
| H. longi | 309–138 [9] | Northeast China | 1,420 [10] | 1 individual | 1933 | 2021 | ||
|
H. rhodesiensis early H. sapiens |
c. 300 | Zambia | 1,300 | Single or very few | 1921 | 1921 | ||
| H. naledi | c. 300 [11] | South Africa | 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) | 45 kg (99 lb) | 450 | 15 individuals | 2013 | 2015 |
|
H. sapiens (anatomically modern humans) |
c. 300–present [i] | Worldwide | 150–190 cm (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 3 in) | 50–100 kg (110–220 lb) | 950–1,800 | (extant) | —— | 1758 |
|
H. neanderthalensis |
240– 40 [14] [j] | Europe, Western Asia | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 55–70 kg (121–154 lb) (heavily built) |
1,200–1,900 | Many | 1829 | 1864 |
|
H. floresiensis classification uncertain |
190–50 | Indonesia | 100 cm (3 ft 3 in) | 25 kg (55 lb) | 400 | 7 individuals | 2003 | 2004 |
|
Nesher Ramla Homo classification uncertain |
140–120 | Israel | several individuals | 2021 | ||||
|
H. tsaichangensis possibly H. erectus or Denisova |
c. 100 [k] | Taiwan | 1 individual | 2008(?) | 2015 | |||
|
H. luzonensis |
c. 67 [17] [18] | Philippines | 3 individuals | 2007 | 2019 | |||
| Denisova hominin | 40 | Siberia | 2 sites | 2000 |
2010 [l] |
Template documentationFootnotes
- ^ Confirmed H. habilis fossils are dated to between 2.1 and 1.5 million years ago. This date range overlaps with the emergence of Homo erectus. [1] [2]
- ^ Hominins with "proto-Homo" traits may have lived as early as 2.8 million years ago, as suggested by a fossil jawbone classified as transitional between Australopithecus and Homo discovered in 2015.
- ^ A species proposed in 2010 based on the fossil remains of three individuals dated between 1.9 and 0.6 million years ago. The same fossils were also classified as H. habilis, H. ergaster or Australopithecus by other anthropologists.
- ^ H. erectus may have appeared some 2 million years ago. Fossils dated to as much as 1.8 million years ago have been found both in Africa and in Southeast Asia, and the oldest fossils by a narrow margin (1.85 to 1.77 million years ago) were found in the Caucasus, so that it is unclear whether H. erectus emerged in Africa and migrated to Eurasia, or if, conversely, it evolved in Eurasia and migrated back to Africa.
- ^ Homo erectus soloensis, found in Java, is considered the latest known survival of H. erectus. Formerly dated to as late as 50,000 to 40,000 years ago, a 2011 study pushed back the date of its extinction of H. e. soloensis to 143,000 years ago at the latest, more likely before 550,000 years ago. [6]
- ^ Now also included in H. erectus are Peking Man (formerly Sinanthropus pekinensis) and Java Man (formerly Pithecanthropus erectus).
- ^ H. erectus is now grouped into various subspecies, including Homo erectus erectus, Homo erectus yuanmouensis, Homo erectus lantianensis, Homo erectus nankinensis, Homo erectus pekinensis, Homo erectus palaeojavanicus, Homo erectus soloensis, Homo erectus tautavelensis, Homo erectus georgicus. The distinction from descendant species such as Homo ergaster, Homo floresiensis, Homo antecessor, Homo heidelbergensis and indeed Homo sapiens is not entirely clear.
- ^ The type fossil is Mauer 1, dated to ca. 0.6 million years ago. The transition from H. heidelbergensis to H. neanderthalensis between 300 and 243 thousand years ago is conventional, and makes use of the fact that there is no known fossil in this period. Examples of H. heidelbergensis are fossils found at Bilzingsleben (also classified as Homo erectus bilzingslebensis).
- ^ The age of H. sapiens has long been assumed to be close to 200,000 years, but since 2017 there have been a number of suggestions extending this time to as high as 300,000 years. In 2017, fossils found in Jebel Irhoud ( Morocco) suggest that Homo sapiens may have speciated by as early as 315,000 years ago. [12] Genetic evidence has been adduced for an age of roughly 270,000 years. [13]
- ^ The first humans with "proto-Neanderthal traits" lived in Eurasia as early as 0.6 to 0.35 million years ago (classified as H. heidelbergensis, also called a chronospecies because it represents a chronological grouping rather than being based on clear morphological distinctions from either H. erectus or H. neanderthalensis). There is a fossil gap in Europe between 300 and 243 kya, and by convention, fossils younger than 243 kya are called "Neanderthal". [15]
- ^ younger than 450 kya, either between 190–130 or between 70–10 kya [16]
- ^ provisional names Homo sp. Altai or Homo sapiens ssp. Denisova.
References
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- ^ DiMaggio EN, Campisano CJ, Rowan J, Dupont-Nivet G, Deino AL, Bibi F, et al. (March 2015). "Paleoanthropology. Late Pliocene fossiliferous sedimentary record and the environmental context of early Homo from Afar, Ethiopia". Science. 347 (6228): 1355–9. Bibcode: 2015Sci...347.1355D. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa1415. PMID 25739409. S2CID 43455561.
- ^ Curnoe D (June 2010). "A review of early Homo in southern Africa focusing on cranial, mandibular and dental remains, with the description of a new species (Homo gautengensis sp. nov.)". Homo. 61 (3): 151–77. doi: 10.1016/j.jchb.2010.04.002. PMID 20466364.
- ^ Haviland WA, Walrath D, Prins HE, McBride B (2007). Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-495-38190-7.
- ^ Ferring R, Oms O, Agustí J, Berna F, Nioradze M, Shelia T, et al. (June 2011). "Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85-1.78 Ma". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (26): 10432–6. Bibcode: 2011PNAS..10810432F. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1106638108. PMC 3127884. PMID 21646521.
- ^ Indriati E, Swisher CC, Lepre C, Quinn RL, Suriyanto RA, Hascaryo AT, et al. (2011). "The age of the 20 meter Solo River terrace, Java, Indonesia and the survival of Homo erectus in Asia". PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e21562. Bibcode: 2011PLoSO...621562I. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021562. PMC 3126814. PMID 21738710.
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^ Hazarika M (2007).
"Homo erectus/ergaster and Out of Africa: Recent Developments in Paleoanthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology" (PDF). EAA Summer School eBook. Vol. 1. European Anthropological Association. pp. 35–41.
Intensive Course in Biological Anthrpology, 1st Summer School of the European Anthropological Association, 16–30 June, 2007, Prague, Czech Republic
- ^ Muttoni G, Scardia G, Kent DV, Swisher CC, Manzi G (2009). "Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominin sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio, Italy". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 286 (1–2): 255–268. Bibcode: 2009E&PSL.286..255M. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.032.
- ^ Ji Q, Wu W, Ji Y, Li Q, Ni X (25 June 2021). "Late Middle Pleistocene Harbin cranium represents a new Homo species". The Innovation. 2 (3): 100132. doi: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100132. PMC 8454552. PMID 34557772.
- ^ Ni X, Ji Q, Wu W, Shao Q, Ji Y, Zhang C, Liang L, Ge J, Guo Z, Li J, Li Q, Grün R, Stringer C (25 June 2021). "Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage". The Innovation. 2 (3): 100130. doi: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130. PMC 8454562. PMID 34557770.
- ^ Dirks PH, Roberts EM, Hilbert-Wolf H, Kramers JD, Hawks J, Dosseto A, et al. (May 2017). "Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa". eLife. 6: e24231. doi: 10.7554/eLife.24231. PMC 5423772. PMID 28483040.
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