|
Linnaeus 1735 [1] |
Haeckel 1866 [2] |
Chatton 1925 [3] [4] |
Copeland 1938 [5] [6] |
Whittaker 1969 [7] |
Woese et al. 1977 [8] [9] |
Woese et al. 1990 [10] |
Cavalier-Smith 1993 [11] [12] [13] |
Cavalier-Smith 1998 [14] [15] [16] |
Ruggiero et al. 2015 [17] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | — | 2 empires | 2 empires | 2 empires | 2 empires | 3 domains | 3 superkingdoms | 2 empires | 2 superkingdoms |
| 2 kingdoms | 3 kingdoms | — | 4 kingdoms | 5 kingdoms | 6 kingdoms | — | 8 kingdoms | 6 kingdoms | 7 kingdoms |
| — | Protista | Prokaryota | Monera | Monera | Eubacteria | Bacteria | Eubacteria | Bacteria | Bacteria |
| Archaebacteria | Archaea | Archaebacteria | Archaea | ||||||
| Eukaryota | Protista | Protista | Protista | Eucarya | Archezoa | Protozoa | Protozoa | ||
| Protozoa | |||||||||
| Chromista | Chromista | Chromista | |||||||
| Vegetabilia | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | ||
| Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | |||||
| Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia |
- ^ Linnaeus, C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species.
- ^ Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin.
- ^ Chatton, É. (1925). "Pansporella perplexa. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires". Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale. 10-VIII: 5–84.
- ^ Chatton, É. (1937). Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937). E. Sottano, Sète, France.
- ^ Copeland, H.F. (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology. 13 (4): 383–420. doi: 10.1086/394568. S2CID 84634277.
- ^ Copeland, H.F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. p. 6. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.4474.
- ^ Whittaker, R.H. (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–160. Bibcode: 1969Sci...163..150W. doi: 10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
- ^ Woese, C.R.; Balch, W.E.; Magrum, L.J.; Fox, G.E.; Wolfe, R.S. (August 1977). "An ancient divergence among the bacteria". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 9 (4): 305–311. Bibcode: 1977JMolE...9..305B. doi: 10.1007/BF01796092. PMID 408502. S2CID 27788891.
- ^ Woese, C.R.; Fox, G.E. (November 1977). "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088–5090. Bibcode: 1977PNAS...74.5088W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104. PMID 270744.
- ^ Woese, C.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (12): 4576–4579. Bibcode: 1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?". Bio Systems. 14 (3–4): 461–481. doi: 10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1992). "Origins of secondary metabolism". Ciba Foundation Symposium. Novartis Foundation Symposia. 171: 64–80, discussion 80–7. doi: 10.1002/9780470514344.ch5. ISBN 9780470514344. PMID 1302186.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993). "Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla". Microbiological Reviews. 57 (4): 953–994. doi: 10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993. PMC 372943. PMID 8302218.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73 (3): 203–266. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012. S2CID 6557779.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004). "Only six kingdoms of life" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1545): 1251–1262. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. PMC 1691724. PMID 15306349. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–345. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. PMC 2880060. PMID 20031978.
- ^ Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (2015). "A higher level classification of all living organisms". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0119248. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1019248R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMC 4418965. PMID 25923521.