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System of classification of animals with emphasis on the invertebrates
The biological
systematics and taxonomy of invertebrates as proposed by Richard C. Brusca and Gary J. Brusca in 2003 is a system of
classification of
invertebrates , as a way to classify animals without backbones.
[1]
Prokaryotes
Kingdom
Eubacteria , also known as Bacteria – Domain of microorganisms
Kingdom
Archaea , also known as Archaebacteria – Domain of single-celled organisms
Eukaryotes (Eukaryota, or Eukarya)
Kingdom
Fungi – Biological kingdom, separate from plants and animals
Kingdom
Plantae – Kingdom of photosynthetic eukaryotes (=
Metaphyta )
Kingdom
Protista – Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
Phylum
Ciliophora – Taxon of protozoans with hair-like organelles called cilia
Phylum
Apicomplexa – Phylum of parasitic alveolates
Phylum
Dinoflagellata – Unicellular algae with two flagella
Phylum
Stramenopila – Clade of eukaryotesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Phylum
Rhizopoda – Cellular body type
Phylum
Actinopoda – Cellular body type
Phylum
Granuloreticulosa – Phylum of amoeboid protists
Phylum
Diplomonadida – Group of mostly parasitic flagellates
Phylum
Parabasilida – Group of flagellated protists
Phylum
Cryptomonada – Group of algae and colorless flagellatesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Phylum
Microspora – Taxon of autotrophic fungus-like protists
Phylum
Ascetospora – A group of eukaryotes that are parasites of animals
Phylum
Choanoflagellata – Group of eukaryotes considered the closest living relatives of animals
Phylum
Chlorophyta – Phylum of green algae
Phylum
Opalinida – Small group of peculiar heterokonts, family Opalinidae, order Slopalinida
Incertae sedis: Genus
Stephanopogon – Genus of flagellate marine protozoan
Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa)
Parazoa
Phylum Porifera
Mesozoa
Phylum Placozoa
Phylum Monoblastozoa
Phylum Rhombozoa
Phylum Orthonectida
Eumetazoa
Radiata
Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum Ctenophora
Bilateria
The authors divide the bilaterians in three informal groups:
acoelomates (phyla Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora)
blastocoelomate (or pseducoelomate, phyla Rotifera, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala, Loricifera)
coelomates (or eucoelomates, phyla Nemertea, Priapula, Annelida, Sipuncula, Echiura, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, Chaetognatha, Hemichordata, Chordata).
Several groups traditionally viewed as having a blastocoelomate condition are viewed here as acoelomates (e.g.,
Gastrotricha ,
Entoprocta ,
Gnathostomulida ).
Some of the coelomates groups (e.g.,
Arthropoda ,
Mollusca ) have greatly reduced celomic spaces; often the main body cavity is a bloodfilled space called a hemocoel, and is associated with an open circulatory system.
The
Brachiopoda ,
Ectoprocta and
Phoronida are viewed as
lophophorates .
In a phylogeny,
[3] the bilaterians are divided in:
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Nemertea
Phylum Rotifera
Phylum Gastrotricha
Phylum Kinorhyncha
Phylum Nematoda (= Nemata)
Phylum Nematomorpha
Phylum Priapula
Phylum Acanthocephala
Phylum Entoprocta (= Kamptozoa)
Phylum Gnathostomulida
Phylum Loricifera
Phylum Cycliophora
Phylum Annelida
Class
Polychaeta , with 25 orders and 87 families (not all are listed)
Order
Haplotaxida , with 25 families (not all are listed)
Phylum Sipuncula
Phylum Echiura
Phylum Onychophora
Phylum Tardigrada
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Mollusca
Phylum Phoronida
Phylum Ectoprocta (= Bryozoa)
Phylum Brachiopoda
Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Chaetognatha
Phylum Hemichordata
Phylum Chordata
See also
References
^ Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003). Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
ISBN
978-0-87893-097-5 .
^ Brusca, R. C.; Brusca, G. J. (2005). Invertebrados (2nd ed.). Madrid: McGraw-Hill-Interamericana.
ISBN
978-0-87893-097-5 .
^ Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003), p. 875.