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circular definition
The first sentence of the second paragraph for the definition of "Life" begins "Living organisms undergo metabolism,..."
The first sentence here ends "...to sustain life" Now I know that it is very easy to find thousands of examples of this in all dictionaries; however, in the definition here for metabolism, the word "life" is the most crucial word. The definition for "Life" (in Wikipedia) is dependent on listing the processes that define it--metabolism being one. I will be giving an assignment to my class which will require taking the stand that rocks are living. An argument to the contrary would not be helped by these circular definitions. And no, I'm not sure how to fix it. — Preceding
unsigned comment added by
208.180.62.14 (
talk)
20:23, 4 May 2012 (UTC)reply
sources
am i the only one whos noticed all of this information is based on 1 source, if it isnt more needs to be added.
someone apparently doesn't like wiki
"all this stuff is fake so yeah...don't belive any thimg we say"
It's a drawing of the original doctor to study metabolism. There may be something more relevant, like a fire or a stomach or a person in movement for example. Those would be good to add to or replace the current picture.
Fast metabolism
In layman's terms, when someone says "I have a fast metabolism", i.e. they can eat a lot and not put on weight, what does that mean?
It means that energy ingested (food) is not stored in the body as fat, but used in other ways or excreted. There is no difference in the "speed" of metabolism, but rather the relative amount and utilisation of metabolic products
Onco p53 09:45, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
I'd like to know how metabolism affects a person's perception of time ie is the reason why children experience time as dragging, and old people feel that time is flying by. --
Totorotroll (
talk)
10:11, 17 July 2008 (UTC)reply
Metabolism as design
I know that metabolism is a biological term, but it is also used in defining post-modernism. I know it was a design strategy used in the 1960's, but is there any other information on it?
I haven't actually heard of that... if you do have knowledge of it, it would be a great thing to research to add.
Tyciol19:37, 26 March 2006 (UTC)reply
How does the metabolism affect alcohol tolerance? For example, will someone with a "fast" metabolism get drunk quicker, or recover quicker, or what?
Some guy09:10, 4 January 2007 (UTC)reply
(also called metabolism) is all of a certain living
organism's
chemical processes. The organism's metabolism can be dichotomized into the synthesis of organic molecules (
anabolism) and their breakdown (
catabolism). This is to be distinguished from cell metabolism which is those processes of metabolism that occur within a single
cell. The study of total metabolism is called
metabolomics.
Some organisms can reduce their metabolism to almost zero for certain periods of time.
Spores of
fungi can survive thousands of years in that state. But every
lifeform is bound to have metabolism at some point of its life cycle.
Human cells obtain most of their energy from chemical reactions involving oxygen. A starting point in measuring human metabolism is with
basal metabolic rate.
Some
microbes metabolise the
wrought iron on
shipwrecks, forming structures known as
rusticles with the waste compounds they produce.
I'm really glad someone else is interested in this article. I was upset by how weak it's been but felt overwhelmed by the thought of revamping the whole thing alone! Some comments:
There are a LOT of terrible 'daughter' articles that need work, especially the '..... metabolism' articles.
ATP deserves its own (sub)section, given how hugely important it is. Same with glucose, in my opinion.
I'm not sure about the regulation section.. How much can we really talk about this without describing how specific organisms regulate metabolism? It seems we should work on integration first, but don't let me stop you.
I'm not sure the strict division between catabolism and anabolism is helpful for all the classes of molecules... for example, protein catabolism is a function of digestion & ubiquitination, and serves primarily to provide amino acids for protein synthesis. On the other hand, amino acid catabolism often provides energy.
We need at least a brief introduction to the classes of biochemical molecules and the roles they play.
There are several well-wiki'd pathways such as
Glycolysis, it would be nice to have prominent links to those instead of half-baked articles like
carbohydrate catabolism.
There's a lot of mixing up between the metabolism of monomer subunits (e.g. glucose) and their polymeric storage forms (e.g. complex carbohydrates). These are very different processes, and mixing them together obscures the important idea that glucose is a central player in many, many pathways. Put another way: nucleotide metabolism and DNA synthesis are very, very different.
You're editing the page too fast for me to keep up! I'll help out when you take a break.
Argh I thought you were done! Here's my revision of the new 'classes of molecules' section before your recent revisions:
<blockquote>===Amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids===
Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from three basic classes of molecule: [[amino acid]]s (which make up [[protein]]s), [[carbohydrate]]s and [[lipid]]s (often called [[fat]]s). From individual molecules are formed diverse biological [[macromolecules]] such as [[polysaccharide]]s from simple sugars and [[proteins]]s from amino acids; these macromolecules are essential parts of all living organisms and participate in every process within [[cell (biology)|cell]]s. Lipids are not typically polymerized as are carbohydrates and amino acids, instead their hydrophobic nature causes them to self-segregate in the formation of [[micelles]] and the [[plasma membrane]].
As these macromolecules are vital for life, metabolism encompasses numerous processes necessary to build and maintain them: synthesizing the individual "building blocks", linking these monomers into functional macromolecules in the construction of cells and tissues, transforming excess molecules into deficient nutrients, detoxification of waste and toxins, and extracting energy from food to drive all the above processes.
====Amino acids and proteins====
{{main|Protein}}
'''Proteins''' are relatively large [[organic compound]]s made of [[amino acid]]s arranged in a linear chain and joined together by [[peptide bond]]s.
Many proteins are [[enzyme]]s that [[catalysis|catalyze]] biochemical reactions, and are vital to [[metabolism]]. Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions, such as the proteins in the [[cytoskeleton]], which forms a system of [[scaffolding]] that maintains cell shape. Proteins are also important in [[cell signaling]], [[antibody|immune response]]s, [[cell adhesion]], and the [[cell cycle]]. Protein is also a necessary component in our diet, since animals cannot synthesise all the amino acids and must obtain [[essential amino acid]]s from food. Through the process of [[digestion]], animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that can be used for [[protein biosynthesis|protein synthesis]].
[[Image:NADH-3D-vdW.png|thumb|right|170px|Space-filling model of the [[coenzyme]] [[nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide]].]]</blockquote>
Robotsintrouble05:25, 9 March 2007 (UTC)reply
Citric acid cycle "universal"?
"A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways between even vastly different species. For example, the series of chemical steps in a pathway such as the citric acid cycle is universal among living cells as diverse as the unicellular bacteria Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants."
Maybe I'm nitpicking, but I'm not sure what is meant by "universal" here. Does it mean that the citric acid cycle is found in all organisms? Many bacteria appear to be missing several genes encoding the enzymes of the citric acid cycle. Several bacteria don't seem to encode any of these enzymes.
NighthawkJ03:09, 16 May 2007 (UTC)reply
re-reading the reference (it's free on-line) I've re-worded this to "For example, the set of chemical intermediates in the citric acid cycle are found universally, among living cells as diverse as the unicellular bacteria Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants."
TimVickers03:38, 16 May 2007 (UTC)reply
Group transfer reactions
The wikilinking of 'group transfer reactions' is incorrect. A wikilink must take you to an article expanding that term or containing its explanation. In this case it takes one to
functional groups. If no wiki on group transfer reactions exists, it should be made. The functional groups wiki will naturally occur in the explanatory text of what the group transfer reactions are. Even a stub with a few lines is preferable to an inappropriate wikilink. Regards,
AshLin20:05, 21 July 2007 (UTC)reply
This article is linked to the Swedish article "Metabolism". However, while this article defines metabolism as the processes in the cell, the Swedish word means processes in organisms, including multicellular organisms. I therefore ask whether the english word might also include processes outside the cell, for example trypsin digestion of proteins in the stomach? In that case the definition in the introduction needs to be changed slightly.
Etxrge (
talk)
19:34, 5 December 2007 (UTC)reply
I think the Swedish article is right, the OED defines metabolism as "The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life", I've re-jigged the lead a bit to fit this definition. Thanks for the correction!
Tim Vickers (
talk)
19:55, 5 December 2007 (UTC)reply
Photosynthesis is not catabolism
The kernel meaning of
catabolism is that molecules are divided into smaller molecules. See the article, and e.g.
[1]. As a consequence energy is (often) extracted.
Photosynthesis provides energy but cannot reasonably be seen as dividing molecules. It rearranges atoms. The major end result is
glucose, which is much bigger than the input molecules. photosynthesis is not a catabolism. --
Etxrge (
talk)
13:44, 15 December 2007 (UTC)reply
Photosynthesis is tricky as it is divided into two major parts: the light reactions which are basically water-splitting and energy transduction (light => chemical energy); and the dark reactions which fix carbon into biomolecules. The dark reactions are very clearly anabolic and they're listed in that section. The light reaction splits water into oxygen and electrons with the help of light. Calling that catabolism seems a bit unusual since the term usually refers to the breakdown of biomolecules and the released energy coming from the molecular bonds whereas in this case it is provided by light to force the splitting of the water molecule which requires a lot of energy to do. So in a sense, the light reactions "catabolize" sunlight. The thing they have in common is the generation of energy and electrons in a chemical form that is useful for the cell (ATP, NADPH, NADH).
This website also talks about the different ways to generate energy and reducing power (organotrophs, lithotrophs, chemotrophs, phototrophs) under the heading of catabolism. So I guess it is not uncommon to structure it that way.
Btw, glucose is not the end product of photosynthesis. The end product of carbon fixation is a 3-carbon sugar (PGAL) that is used to synthesize different kinds of compounds, including sugars, starch, amino acids, and fatty acids. Many textbooks oversimplify the reaction because it can be nicely balanced for glucose leading to the wrong impression that glucose is the end product, but it is only one of many products that can be made using the end product of photosynthesis. -
tameeria (
talk)
17:05, 15 December 2007 (UTC)reply
I agree with all the factual content above, the view of what happens. Even, of course, that glucose is not THE end product of photosynthesis. But the object of this discussion is whether catabolism should be used about photosynthesis. My argument against is that photosynthesis does not divide molecules into smaller parts, which is the definition of catabolism. The referenced website is indeed a good counterargument. I think that web-site is wrong in this respect. Biochemistry, by Campbell and Farrel, 2006, says (p 417) "The breakdown of larger molecules to smaller ones is called catabolism. Small molecules are used as the starting points of a variety of reactions --- Cataboism is an oxidative process that releases energy;" In the gossary: "breakdown of nutrients to provide energy". Biology, by (another) Campbell, 1996, defines Catabolic pathway in the glossary as one "that releases energy by breaking down ..." on p 89 it says that they "release energy by breaking down complex molecules ...". For a process to qualify as catabolism there must be a relation such that the energy is generated by the breaking down of molecules. This is not happening in photosynthesis. Light is not a complex molecule that can be divided into smaller molecules. (Obviously). --
Etxrge (
talk)
10:40, 16 December 2007 (UTC)reply
Which chapters/headings is photosynthesis under in these books? I will also look at the textbooks I have at the office on Monday to see how they sort it. I think the term catabolism is tricky as it includes the breakdown of molecules as well as the release of energy. There is no question that the light reactions release energy for the cell to use. I find this definition interesting in this context: Catabolism is an oxidative process that releases energy. The light reaction actually is an oxidative process (water oxidation). But anyway, the article should probably go with whatever is most prevalent in textbooks in terms of sorting it, so let's find out. -
tameeria (
talk)
15:19, 16 December 2007 (UTC)reply
In Biology, photosynthesis is in Unit Two, The Cell. In Biochemistry (Campbell, Farrel) photosynthesis is a separate chapter under no other heading. So that gives no help. Here is one more citation: Biochemistry, Mathews, van Holde, 1990, "catabolism, the processes related to degradation of complex substances, with concomitant generation of energy.". Photosynthesis does not degrade complex substances. Neither is generation of energy following from such degradation, in photosynthesis. An easy and correct solution would be to just remove this classification from the article. It is in no way central or essential to the subject. --
Etxrge (
talk)
17:12, 16 December 2007 (UTC)reply
Catabolism is an oxidative process that releases energy. Does not seem to be a definition above. It comes a bit after the definition in that context. --
Etxrge (
talk)
17:10, 17 December 2007 (UTC)reply
Well, I'm afraid my textbooks aren't really helpful either. Most don't seem to even bother trying to fit photosynthesis in with the other metabolism in terms of catabolism/anabolism. Here's what I found:
Raven (Biology): Photosynthesis has its own chapter, following the chapter How Cells Harvest Energy which deals with respiration etc.
Starr/Taggert (Biology): Photosynthesis has its own chapter called How Cells Acquire Energy - interestingly, this chapter talks only about photosynthesis. It is preceded by a chapter called Ground Rules of Metabolism and followed by How Cells Release Stored Energy which basically talks about glycolysis and respiration.
Campbell/Reece (Biology): Photosynthesis has its own chapter under The Cell (and so do Metabolism and Cellular Respiration) - I think this is probably the same book that you have, just a later edition.
Freeman (Biological Science): Photosynthesis has its own chapter under Cell Structure and Function (and so does Cellular Respiration and Fermentation).
Brooker (Biology): Photosynthesis has its own chapter under Cell, following the chapter on Enzymes, Metabolism and Cellular Respiration.
Alberts (Molecular Biology of the Cell): This book takes a more cellular approach looking at organelle function and photosynthesis is dealt with in the chapter on Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis under Energy Conversions: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts.
The only reference I can find to photosynthesis as catabolism/anabolism is
this page which talks about it under Phototrophic Metabolism: "Photosynthesis is a type of metabolism separable into a catabolic and anabolic component. The catabolic component of photosynthesis is the light reaction, wherein light energy is transformed into electrical energy, then chemical energy. The anabolic component involves the fixation of CO2 and its use as a carbon source for growth, usually called the dark reaction." That's the closest match I can find. I can look in more detail again at all those textbooks and see if they try to apply the terms catabolism/anabolism to photosynthesis, but I get a feeling that it might be somewhat of a futile exercise. -
tameeria (
talk)
21:50, 17 December 2007 (UTC)reply
I can see the logic of this article and I think it is a good way to present it. Clearly the light reaction have more in common with the catabolic electron transport in mitochondria than anything. On the other hand carbon fixation is clearly anabolic (essentially the reverse of glycolysis) . I prefer to think of photosynthesis as two processes, light reaction and light independent reaction, as it make the whole of photosynthesis more logical. On the other hand I can understand that the overall process of photosynthesis could be regarded as anabolic. i.e. the simplistic notion that photosynthesis is carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen + water. The problem I have with the latter presentation is it is not really accurate to consider it as one process and can lead to misconceptions like the oxygen is released from the carbon dioxide rather than from water during carbon fixation.
David D.(Talk)23:06, 17 December 2007 (UTC)reply
Catabolism is a word with a particular meaning, division of complex molecules into smaller molecules. Photosynthesis therefore is not a catabolism. We cannot say it is catabolic because we think it groups well with the reactions that are. It seems the previous editors thought that catabolism means energy production. But it doesn't. All catabolic reactions produce energy. Not all energy-producing reactions are catabolic. --
Etxrge (
talk)
15:44, 18 December 2007 (UTC)reply
If we do it this way, oxidative phosphorylation is not catabolism either and should be a subsection of non-catabolic energy production. Also, I would still keep that section between catabolism and anabolism rather than moving it below. It makes for a nice logical connection between catabolism and anabolism. -
tameeria (
talk)
15:59, 18 December 2007 (UTC)reply
I was astonished to discover that there is not a single reference anywhere in the article to the role of the
Endocrine system in regulating the metabolism. I realize that not all organisms have an endocrine system -- but this is still a major oversight, imo. Surely there should be a section addressing this issue.
Cgingold (
talk)
13:26, 24 March 2008 (UTC)reply
There is a brief summary of extrinsic regulation in the second paragraph of the section on "Regulation and control" and insulin is discussed as an example in the third paragraph.
Tim Vickers (
talk)
16:00, 24 March 2008 (UTC)reply
Introduction to Metabolism
Greetings, Wikipedia users.
I am an AP Biology high school student with plans to synthesize and article that would have the caliber to attain the Good Article status. However, a perfect score on this assignment can be consumnated if the article achieves the Featured Article status. Thus, I have been contemplating about a topic would have the potential to meet these guidelines. I deduced that perhaps an "Introduction to Metabolism" article could fulfill the requirements. Would this be an advisable approach. After all,
Introduction to Evolution, a featured article, my teacher's article, followed in the footsteps of the existing
Evolution article. I am open to all suggestions and feedback.
This is a project that is not due until next year, so I have a reasonable duration of time to ponder over this notion. Here is the link to our class page that identifies our goals and project information: Wikipedia:WikiProject AP Biology 2008
Coming back to this table, which is has now long been in the article. As I understand it, there are 6 names being described here, laid out using color to distinguish three sets of dichotomies. But why are the three pairs of prefixes in separate columns? Makes it seem like one would choose "one prefix from column A, one from column B, one from column C" (getting for example "photoorganoheterotroph") rather than pick one prefix from one color-group. If that's not the intent, I think all the prefixes should be together in a single column. For example:
Classification of organisms based on their metabolism
This is a great description of metabolism, simple and clear.
At one point "quickly and efficiently" is used.
The word "efficiently", needs to be replaced with what it means to be efficient in metabolism, using the language and ideas of metabolism. — Preceding
unsigned comment added by
76.28.130.42 (
talk)
14:03, 5 September 2011 (UTC)reply
The structure shown for ATP is incorrect, as it shows the phosphate groups to be fully protonated.
Adenosine triphosphate is present, as the name says, as the phosphate and not the "phosphoric acid". The
acidity constants, pKa, of the three primary phosphate protons are below 2; the final proton is situated at the terminal phosphate group of the triphosphate chain of ATP and has a pKa of about 6.5. In other words, at the physiological pH of about 7.6 ATP is overwhelmingly present as a tetravalent anion. In addition, it should be noted that all the other phosphate compounds depictured in this article are deprotonated as well at the physiological pH.
Don't panic; deletions can take a little longer at Commons than they do on Wikipedia. This gives you an opportunity to contest the deletion (although please review Commons guidelines before doing so). The best way to contest this form of deletion is by posting on the image talk page.
If the image is
non-free then you may need to upload it to Wikipedia (Commons does not allow fair use)
If the image isn't freely licensed and there is no
fair use rationale then it cannot be uploaded or used.
Sorry. I don't know where else to ask this question. Animals need so many pounds of food (Intake) to maintain so many pounds of weight. For example, dogs need more food per pound of weight than do cats. Dogs have "more energy" (use more energy). There must be statistics on this. And a name for them. Can anyone help? Thanks.
Student7 (
talk)
19:06, 30 January 2012 (UTC)reply
The definition of "intermediary metabolism" in Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology matches the definition here very well - the totality of the chemical reactions in the cells. The same book defines "metabolism" as either "the totality of chemical reactions and physical changes that occur in living organisms" or the chemical reactions that a specific molecule undergoes in a living organism (like drug metabolism). I expanded the beginning of the article slightly, and made sure
intermediary metabolism and
intermediate metabolism points here. The reason I don't state the dictionary as a source in the article is I have written slightly different - expanding, explaining, interpreting what's in the dictionary. So I can't really claim that everything in
this edit is from that book. --
Siden (
talk)
09:16, 19 February 2012 (UTC)reply
I've been keeping an eye on Metabolism lately, and I see the latest reverted edit may have some significant information. An IP, 24.154.111.112, added the following to the TOP of the article:
Benzene as it applies to Metabolism on a cellular level is not an
organic solvent. It is however, on a microscopic scale, a
quantum coupling agent. There is a very large difference between organic solvents and quantum coupling agents on a microscopic scale.
Now, while the position of this text at the top of the page was non-standard, the material itself might be worthy of attention. The only mention of Benzene in the article is the following:
[...] Lipids are usually defined as hydrophobic or amphipathic biological molecules that will dissolve in organic solvents such as benzene or chloroform. [...]
So, does it mislead readers who will infer that benzene is used by the body to dissolve lipids? I've read that Benzene is metabolized mostly in the liver and very quickly. Its byproducts are used by our cells to produce more energy. If, as the IP suggests, Benzene is not used to dissolve lipids, then this article should not tell readers that it does, isn't that so? I'm not an expert and will gladly defer to those who are. – Paine EllsworthCLIMAX!08:38, 2 October 2013 (UTC)reply
Hello, about this talk . I found the original source which was from OXFORD DICTIONARY OF
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology which published at 2000 . The book has been revised at 2006 and defined the lipid can be dissolved with lipid solvent, not organic solvent. I want to edit the article but i am afraid to do that cause of these article was an FA. I found another mislead resource about steroid as major classes of lipid. I have been known that steroid is not that, but the sterol is the major class. They are different definition. Anyone can give me advice to edit that.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995129/ this is my source
User:Agus Damanik|
User talk:Agus DamanikAgus Damanik (
talk)
14:16, 6 June 2020 (UTC)reply
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