![]() | A fact from this article was featured on Wikipedia's Main Page in the On this day section on September 28, 2011, September 28, 2012, and September 28, 2016. |
![]() | This redirect does not require a rating on Wikipedia's
content assessment scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
-class -->
|
![]() | On 12 June 2023, it was proposed that this article be moved from Battle of Balangiga to Balangiga massacre. The result of the discussion was moved. |
Less than 200 casualties and this can be described as the worst US defeat in all history? Seems a bit hyperbolic to me. Oldkinderhook 13:33, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
The article states quite specifically it was the worst defeat since Little Big Horn.
Response: The comparison with Little Big Horn is drawn in R O Taylor's The Massacre At Balangiga. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bobcouttie ( talk • contribs) 15:56, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
Why exactly is it a "massacre"? Did the Filipinos kill civilians during the engagement or following it? If not then it would be a straight military engagement; not liking the outcome hardly makes it a massacre. Although massacre certainly would be an apt description for the Americans response. LamontCranston 20:14, 19 February 2006 (UTC)
Response: It was a massacre because it was a preplanned surprise attack perpetrated by seemingly friendly civilians on unarmed soldiers. No prisoners were taken, or attempted to be taken. They slaughtered every person they could, even as they were fleeing. The bodies were later mutilated.
The history of Balangiga is colored by the limited contemporary accounts and its use as a bludgeon for more recent political ends. There likely needs to be some more added about that.
Response: It is more coloured by lack of use of available contemporary records, including Filipino message traffic in two compilations by RM Taylor and in the Philippine Insurgency records, letters from First Lieutenant Bumpus while in Balangiga as well as almost exclusive dependency upon Schott's Ordeal of Samar and lack of original research.
Response: Agree. Modern (and fashionable) Anti-Americanism not surprisingly has caused a case of revisionist history here.
The bells issue also involved some American law changes.
Some of this article, most especially the portion under the heading "The 'Massacre'", smacks of POV to me - I'd clean it up myself, but I know nothing about the topic. -- User:AlbertHerring Io son l'orecchio e tu la bocca: parla! 06:27, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
There is some evidence that the attack on the American troops was planned even before the troops arrived. According to American History Illustrated, August 1966,(Richard P. Weinert), Pedro Abayan, the presidente of Balangiga, sent a letter to the leader of the insurrection, General Vincente Lucban, and proposed that the invaders (American troops)be lured into Balangiga where he said the local inhabitants would rise up and destroy them. Then he sent a letter to Manila asking that a contingent of American forces be sent to Balangiga to protect Balangiga against the rebel forces and the Moro pirates. If this piece of unmentioned info is true, then the American troops were walking into a trap. So, the question is, should this piece of information, that at one time was accepted as true, be mentioned in the story with qualifiers, or simply left out. Trucker11 ( talk) 13:09, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
Response: At the time the first letter was sent Lucban/Lukban was demanding expressions of loyalty from local mayors, with severe punishment for those who did not do so. The original letter disappeared prior to the microfilming of the Philippine Insurgency Records, what remains is what is alleged to be a 'fair copy'. There is no evidence whatsoever that the town mayor wrote to Manila.
Much has been squeezed from this letter by the Americans in terms of prior sinister motives of the part of the Balangigans. But the BRG, after analyzing its content and context, is satisfied with the finding that the intent of the letter was merely to prevent Lukban or his officers from attacking the town in case of American occupation.
20. Balangiga Research Group, “A Summary Interim Report of Inquiry,” Sept. 28, 2001, p. 5. This may be downloaded from http://balangiga.bobcouttie.com. Schott, see Note No. 13, p. 26, noted that “the original letter was written in clear grammatical Spanish.” Because of the clarity in language, the Americans suspected that the actual author of the letter was the local priest, not Abayan. Last Sept. 27, 2001, while viewing the Balangiga museum exhibit at the local parish hall, the BRG members learned that Abayan had in fact been the parish scribe of Balangiga for years. In ornate handwriting, he wrote the texts of the registry items for births and marriages on the parish records on behalf of the priests who affixed their signatures later. The penmanship in an enlarged photo of Abayan’s letter to Lukban looked similar to his handwriting in the parish records.
Response: It is the same Bob Couttie and I'm happy to answer any questions.
It is Exhibit`350 in RM Taylor's The Philippine Insurgency Against the United States. The manuscript is in US National Archives and it can be found in the microfilm of the Philippine Insurgency Records but you'll have to dig for it. In any case it is a only a hand drawn 'copy'.
At the bottom of this page it list the category "Massacres committed by the U.S." cleary someone has this mixed up because this was a massacre of U.S. troops, not Filipinos, why would the U.S. army massacre themselves? I am removing the category at the bottom that says this was a crime committed by the U.S. military, when really it was the other way around. Read the article and notice the casualties. -- Aj4444 ( talk) 20:11, 2 August 2009 (UTC)
Also, if it was a massacre by U.S. troops, why did the Filipinos win the battle?-- Aj4444 ( talk) 20:13, 2 August 2009 (UTC)
The tag was added because of the succeeding retaliation by US forces led by Gen. Jacob H. Smith against local indigenous Philippine population of samar. Read the "Retaliation" section. i think the tag "Massacres committed by the U.S" should stay. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.108.218.133 ( talk) 09:27, 4 November 2009 (UTC)
The "massacre" here was perpetrated by the Americans. The incident that prompted the massacre was a battle (albeit one in which civilians participated); just because the battle was a one-sided surprise attack that does not make it a massacre. Slaughtering thousands of civilians (women & children included) in response is, however, rightly called a massacre. —Preceding
unsigned comment added by
58.8.60.218 (
talk)
13:42, 26 November 2009 (UTC)
definition of a massacre: "American armed soldiers killed in a battled"
I've reverted this edit). which modivied previous cite-supported text just prior to the following: <ref name="AmHistCollection">Bulletin of the American Historical Collection, April-June 2004, Volume XXXII, page 65</ref>"
The edit summary said, (→Retaliation: "Great loss of life" is POV... to Filipinos (and many others such as myself), even 2500 is indeed a "great loss of life" and saying; for not much more people, the US started 2 wars.)
Considering the edit summary, I suspect that this change is WP:OR, probably not supported by the cited supporting source.
The reversion restored an assertion saying, "A great loss of life is not supported, especially as refugees fled from Samar to Leyte." which had been inserted in this edit along with the above-mentioned supporting cite. I have not seen the cited source myself and do not know how well it supports that assertion. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 03:47, 27 November 2009 (UTC)
I changed it because the original wording is offensive. "Great" here can be understood in two senses. First, "great" as in "important or meaningful," which is patently offensive to Filipinos. The losses are still a sore point in the Philippines and to suggest that they were insignificant is borderline racist. On the other hand, "great" could be interpreted as "many or a lot," which is what I suspect the original author had in mind. I think they intended to say that, contrary to some Filipino claims, more neutral sources suggest that deaths of 50k seem very unlikely. I think this is what the cited source is meant to confirm: some historians claim x, but most believe y. However, here again the use of "great" is very subjective and offensive to Filipinos. If the historical consensus is that 2500, not 50000, died, that is still "a great loss of life." My point was that the US started two wars based on the killings of 3000 civilians -- imagine if the Wikipedia entry said, "9/11 was tragic, but there was no great loss of life." Americans would rightly be upset over this wording. Instead, and perhaps I worded it poorly, the sentence needs to summarize the debate: one party says one thing, another party says another, but most "objective" scholars side with party B that fatalities approaching 50,000 are impossible. Wikipedia should not be editorializing those deaths with a modifier, "great," to describe them. Pariah23 ( talk) 11:51, 2 December 2009 (UTC)
Revision: I have extended "Filipino historians believe it to be around 50,000" to add "for which there is no documentary or any other evidence." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bobcouttie ( talk • contribs) 11:01, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
Response: The 50,000 figure, which has been constantly repeated, comes from a paper in the now-defunct Leyte-Samar Studies, by American historian Kenneth Rey Young. Young had made the error of subtracting an 1887 Spanish census figure for Batangas from an American census figure for Samar in 1903. The figure is, therefore, meaningless. While there is an estimate population shortfall of 2,500, that covers a period from 1896 to 1906 so there is no firm basis for ascribing the shortfall to 'retaliatory killings'. Using population ageing figures the figure of 1,500 can be calculated for the male 18-24 year old age group. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bobcouttie ( talk • contribs) 16:30, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
You seem to be missing the point made by Pariah23, which is that the word "great" is extremely subjective, and certainly, a phrase like "there was no great loss of life" should not be appearing in the article. To say that 2500 deaths is not a great loss of life is in no way an objective statement. Fortunately, that phrase is not in the article right now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.69.88.213 ( talk) 13:57, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
The Sarah Palin section says, in part:
The linking between the question whether Trig is her son to Barack Obama's birth certificate issues has been heavily criticized. [1] Andrew Sullivan, in specific, wrote "Palin has never produced Trig's birth certificate or a single piece of objective medical evidence that proves he is indeed her biological son". [2]
I've converted the refs into inline links there. That presents the Sullivan comment as an example of criticism of the linking. Reading that comment in context, I don't see it as a criticism of the linking. Sullivan characterizes Palin as having "joined or at least mainstreamed the Birther movement", but if he speaks to the linkage between the questions about Obama's and Trig's birth certificates, I missed it. He leads with comments about Palin's birther-ness, but most of the linked article is about Trig's birth circumstances. As I read it, Sullivan's key point relevant to this article in that source is, "The news here is that, to her credit, Palin says that all inquiries into a candidate's veracity, record, associations, and medical history are legitimate forms of inquiry." As I read that, he's saying that questions about Obama's birth certificate go to his natural-born-ness , imply that he may be a liar/perjurer, and are legitimate; questions about Trig's birth certificate imply that Palin may be a liar, and are legitimate. I suggest removing the final sentence and the link to the Sullivan comment, or rewriting the assertions in this section to highlight Sullivan's birther characterizations of Palin and/or the legitimacy of questions about a candidate's veracity, record, associations, and medical history.
Wtmitchell
(talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 20:19, 28 December 2009 (UTC) Stricken
Wtmitchell
(talk) (earlier Boracay Bill)
04:40, 29 December 2009 (UTC)
Clearly not. I meant it for another talk page. Thanks. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 04:40, 29 December 2009 (UTC)
Does anyone else find it strange that between 2000-3000 people are killed, and the only part of events that earns the title of massacre is the killing of the first 40? Lapsed Pacifist ( talk) 18:55, 7 January 2010 (UTC)
The worst military disaster of the U.S. Military forces in the Visayas was the annihilation of the American garrison at Balangiga, Samar, on September 28, 1901, by General Vincente Lukban's bolomen. On the 74 American officers and soldiers composing the garrison, 50 were slaughtered (including the commander Captain Thomas O'Connell) and only 24 survived the Filipino bolos by running away during the bloody fight. The victorious patriots captured a rich booty of war—100 Krag rifles and 25,000 rounds of ammunitions. American writers called the U.S. military debacle the "Massacre of Balangiga".
Most of the data related to the BRG mentioned above can be found in
It deals with a number of myths, including the involvement of Vicente Lukban - who had nothing to do with it. Most accounts depend heavily on Schott's very flawed Ordeal of Samar. Others could not even get the day right "the Massacre of the Americans that Sunday morning" It was a Saturday. Much of what happened after Balangiga had already been going on before it happened.
bobcouttie — Preceding unsigned comment added by 223.25.9.234 ( talk) 05:42, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
I have remove "the Balangiga Affair as it is known in the US" because it is demonstrably untrue. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bobcouttie ( talk • contribs) 11:31, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
I have removed "the majority of whom were civilians". The intent of the original wording was to imply that these were non-combatants, and is misleading. David Fritz's work, in fact, strongly suggests that majority of deaths were males of combat age — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bobcouttie ( talk • contribs) 11:42, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
Uh. Just because they were males of combat age does not mean that they were actual combatants. This information hardly disproves that the deaths were those of noncombatants. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.69.88.213 ( talk) 13:44, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
Deleted: American historians continue to deny that the deaths could have been as numerous at 50,000. [1]
It is self-evidentially untrue since the original figure came from an American historian. The reference is to an article which is not by a a historian. The statement is therefore unsupported in any way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bobcouttie ( talk • contribs) 14:58, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
Changed "Filipino historians believe it to be around 50,000," to "Some Filipino historians believe it to be around 50,000," The figure is largely accepted as false but some might still not do their homework. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bobcouttie ( talk • contribs) 15:42, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
References
I've reverted these recent changes to the article. Aside from breaking a wikilink, the changes confuse the incident which is the topic of this article with the retaliation ordered by General Smith and carried out by Captain Waller and others. The retaliation is covered in some detail in the March across Samar article. Also, I'll point out that the source cited in the reverted edits is an interview with Bob Couttie in which Couttie says that the figure of 50,000 sometimes seen is "pure bunk". When asked if he thinks the figure is closer to 5,000, he responds, "We can only talk in terms of magnitude. You would certainly have to knock a zero off and I would think its probably at most two and a half to three thousand people. Its an area that really needs better research. ...". He goes on with more discussion. That source does not support an assertion by Wikipedia saying, "American troops killed 2000–3000 Filipinos on Samar". Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 09:15, 12 March 2012 (UTC)
I have removed the inflammatory reference to 2,000 - 3,000 civilians being executed on Samar, for which there is no documentary evidence and which appears to be a rather imaginative rendering of the results of my research published principally in Hang The Dogs. That there were deaths is undeniable, the number and status of the casualties remains unknown. (talk)
I've moved the following here from the article; see this edit. It needs to be reworked. I don't have time right now, and I don't have access to the source cited.
Company G, 11th Infantry Regiment
There has been many deliberate misinformation or omission of facts that Company C survivors brought the bells to Wyoming. The facts are, (1) Company C, 9th Infantry Regiment were based at Fort Drum in New York, not Fort D.A. Russell, Wyoming; (2)none of the soldiers of Company C came from Wyoming; (3) the bells that are in Wyoming were brought there by Company G of the 11th Infantry Regiment who carried out and took part in the retaliatory forces.<ref>Adams, G. (1998). The bells of balangiga. Cheyenne, WY: Lagumo Corp.</ref>
Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 01:33, 27 April 2012 (UTC)
There has been a continued claim by the Wyoming Delegation in Congress that Company C survivors brought the two bells to Wyoming. On April 4, 2012, the Wyoming Delegation wrote a letter to the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of State that "The Company C troops that survived the massacre brought these bells back to Fort D.A. Russell." This has been their continued justification why the bells must remain in Wyoming. In his book, The Bells of Balangiga, author, Gerald Adams, a retired USAF Colonel from Wyoming, provided details that the 11th Infantry Regiment with eight companies and their equipment arrived at Fort D.A. Russell on March 29, 1904. On May 16, 1905, the Cheyenne Daily Leader newspaper reported that a cannon and other relics, including the two bells were displayed by the parade ground. A sign was posted over one of the bells that reads, "This bell hung in the church at Balangiga, Samar, PI, and rung the signal for the attack on Company C, 9th U.S. Infantry, Sept 29 (28), 1901. Taken by Company L, 11th Infantry, and detachment of Company K, 11th Infantry, the first units to reach the scene after the massacre."
Lt Goodrich served in The Philippines with the 9th Infantry Regiment in 1901 visited Fort D.A. Russell and was disturbed by the 11th Infantry Regiment's claim. Lt Goodrich challenged the claim and sent letters and pictures to the 9th Infantry Headquarters. The 9th Infantry promptly forwarded the letter and picture to Captain Bookmiller who was already in Boston. Captain Bookmiller previously commanded Company G, 9th Infantry. Captain Bookmiller and his troops were the first retaliatory force to arrive in Balangiga on September 29, 1901. Captain Bookmiller wrote a statement and indorsed a letter to Colonel Crane of the 11th Infantry to look into the matter and set the record straight. Colonel Crane was also in The Philippines in 1901 wrote, "...the best claim belongs to priority of arrival at Balangiga after the massacre belongs to Capt Bookmiller and his Company G of the 9th Infantry." There were a total of 15 indorsement added from officers who were also in The Philipines in 1901. They were unanimous in their agreement that Captain Bookmiller was the first on-scene company in Balangiga after the massacre. Upon receiving this mass evidence, Colonel Arthur Wiliams, commander of the 11th Infantry made the following indorsement, "The inscription over the bells at Fort D.A. Russell, Wyoming, clearly appears to be erroneous, and will be corrected at the first opportunity." ref>Adams, G. (1998). The bells of balangiga. Cheyenne, WY: Lagumo Corp.</ref>}} RSonny ( talk) 12:51, 27 April 2012 (UTC)— Preceding unsigned comment added by RSonny ( talk • contribs) 10:51, 27 April 2012 (UTC)
{{
cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter |month=
ignored (
help)The Wyoming delegation know that Wyoming has no historical investment in the bells. Indeed, I have had sight of an email from the Curator at Wyoming to the then curator of the 9th Infantry collection in Korea saying that she did not understand why the bells are still in Wyoming. (talk) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 223.25.10.22 ( talk) 16:59, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
This discussion page shows a strong slant towards the American point of view. It's a little scary. The article itself seems better, for now at least.
If it had been an American town occupied by foreign invaders, and the inhabitants of that town had managed to smuggle weapons in, catch the garrison by surprise, and decimate them, it would now be hailed in American history as an example of heroic resistance to foreign occupation. The hypocrisy is astounding.
It is not a "massacre", just because the townspeople didn't give the American troops ample warning and time to arm themselves before the fight. Nowhere in the conventions of war does such a rule exist, and to follow that kind of rule in wartime is absurd.
And where exactly did the figures for 2000-3000 Filipinos killed during the retaliation come from? In the absence of sources, 50000 seems just as likely as 2000. This disparity is similar to estimates of casualties during the Nanjing Massacre, from 20000 (Japanese estimate) to 300000 (Chinese estimate). It doesn't matter. It was a massacre in either case.
By the way, just because those 2000-3000 killed were males of fighting age does not mean that they were actually combatants. It doesn't make it any better. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.69.88.213 ( talk) 13:39, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
You may wish to read some up to date sources. 50,000 is not really credible, that would mean one in five of the island's population and no Filipino historian now takes it seriously. It can be safely set aside because the original source, an American historian called Kenneth Ray Young mistakenly compared figures for Batangas with figures for Samar. The figure was repeated by Teodore Angocillo, without citation. Young is the only source for the claim and he is demonstrably wrong because he used the wrong figures. Note that given the terrain in Samar, the distance between populations and so forth the figure of 50,000 simply was not achievable. The importance of the shortfall being those ofd combat age is that it shows that woman and children were not targetted or killed in large numbers. 36.37.233.136 ( talk) 09:16, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 2 external links on Balangiga massacre. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at {{
Sourcecheck}}
).
This message was posted before February 2018.
After February 2018, "External links modified" talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than
regular verification using the archive tool instructions below. Editors
have permission to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
RfC before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template {{
source check}}
(last update: 5 June 2024).
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot ( Report bug) 13:20, 24 October 2016 (UTC)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 3 external links on Balangiga massacre. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
This message was posted before February 2018.
After February 2018, "External links modified" talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than
regular verification using the archive tool instructions below. Editors
have permission to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
RfC before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template {{
source check}}
(last update: 5 June 2024).
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot ( Report bug) 02:14, 14 July 2017 (UTC)
Given that this was an uprising by civilians against an occupying invasion force, is it accurate to call it an attack/massacre? In general the term "massacre" refers to unjustified killings rather than resistance to military aggression. 2601:644:1:B7CB:C957:9614:383C:F005 ( talk) 22:54, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
MOVE:
Move Balangiga Massacre to Battle of Balangiga. The title should be changed to "Battle of Balangiga" to comply with Wikipedia's Neutrality or NPOV standard.
REASON:
Massacre defined: "an indiscriminate and brutal slaughter of people" -- The men of Company C 9th Infantry Regiment were ambushed -- it was a planned attack not indiscriminate.
The men of Company C 9th Infantry Regiment died in combat when they were ambushed by Filipino irregular forces in a well planned and coordinated attack.
It is the same with the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest where irregular forces belonging to Germanic tribes ambushed and defeated an entire Roman legion. The Romans were "massacred" (ambushed) but as you can see the title is Battle of the Teutoburg Forest not Massacre at the Teutoburg Forest. Juanmakabulos ( talk) 21:39, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
References
Here, I've WP:BOLDly removed mention of the Philippine National Police introduced here in what looks like part of a POV recasting of this article. As far as I knpw, no organization by that name existed at the time of this incident.
I also added a {{ pageno}} tag to the cite at the end of that paragraph. A Google Books search here failed to find any mention of Balangiga, but it may be in there somewhere. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 19:03, 26 June 2021 (UTC)
I have today raised concern at Talk:March across Samar § Apportionment of content between articles regarding content in the Retaliation section of this article. Please discuss there. Thanks. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 23:02, 30 June 2022 (UTC)
I see that there is a section on this talk page headed § Move Balangiga Massacre to Battle of Balangiga which appeared on May 27, 2020, suggesting that move as if this article was named Balangiga Massacre at that time. The proposal drew two responses (one from me), both opposing such a move and both dated in September 2020. However, according to the links in the page history of this article, it was created on April 17, 2004 with the title, Battle of Balangiga and still bore that name on 31, 2020 (the last edit before that talk page section appeared). I also see from its history that Balangiga Massacre is a redirect to this article that was created on September 23, 2005. In any case I'm thinking of proposing that the title of this article be moved to Balingiga Massacre per the WP:TITLE policy. Comments? Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 11:24, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
Added: See Ngrams here. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 11:55, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
Having seen no objection, I'm requesting a move below. I'm requesting a move instead of simply moving the article myself because I suspect that there might be opposition despite lack of discussion here so far. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 17:30, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
The result of the move request was: moved. ( non-admin closure) WPscatter t/ c 20:00, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
Battle of Balangiga → Balangiga massacre – See section above on this article talk page. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 17:35, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
This article was titled Balangiga Massacre {uppercase 'M') from 01:07, April 17, 2004 , when it was created by an anon, until 19:23, June 1, 2020 when the title was moved to Battle of Balangiga by User:Juanmakabulos with an edit summary saying:
I'll note here that the definition given above agrees with Google [3], but that more comprehensive definitions are offered elsewhere (e.g., [4]). Also, this proposed move has been discussed above with no objections having been raised. I proposed this move to the sentence case title primarily with WP:LOWERCASE in mind. I will leave a redirect behind here. I will adjust the Balangiga Massacre (uppercase 'M') redirect to link to that new title. After the move, I will edit the article to adjust its lead sentence and to focus it less on the March across Samar and more on the subject incident. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 19:20, 19 June 2023 (UTC)