^Meigen, J.W. (1804). Klassifikazion und Beschreibung der europäische n zweiflugeligen Insekten (Diptera Linn.). Erster Band. Abt. I. Braunschweig [= Brunswick]: Reichard. pp. xxviii + pp. 1–152, Abt. II. vi + pp. 153–314.
^Macquart, P.J.M. (1828). Insectes diptères du nord de la France. Platypezines, dolichopodes, empides, hybotides. Lille. pp. 159 pp., 1 pl.
^Bei-Bienko, G.Y. & Steyskal, G.C. (1988) Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR, Volume V: Diptera and Siphonaptera, Parts I, II. Amerind Publishing Co., New Delhi.
ISBN81-205-0080-6ISBN81-205-0081-4
^Collin, J.E. (1961). British Flies. VI. Empididae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.