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Leiognathidae
Temporal range: 56–0  Ma Eocene to Present [1]
Eubleekeria splendens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Suborder: Percoidei
Family: Leiognathidae
T. N. Gill, 1893 [2]
Type species
Leiognathus argenteus
Lacépède, 1802 [3]
Genera

see text

Leiognathidae, the ponyfishes, slipmouths or slimys / slimies, are a small family of fishes in the order Perciformes. [4] They inhabit marine and brackish waters in the Indian and West Pacific Oceans. They can be used in the preparation of bagoong.

Characteristics

Ponyfishes are small and laterally compressed in shape, with a bland, silvery colouration. They are distinguished by highly extensible mouths, and the presence of a mechanism for locking the spines in the dorsal and anal fins. They also possess a highly integrated light organ in their throats that houses symbiotic bioluminescent bacteria that project light through the animal's underside. [5] [6] [7] Typically, the harbored bacterium is only Photobacterium leiognathi, but in the two ponyfish species Photopectoralis panayensis and Photopectoralis bindus, Photobacterium mandapamensis is also present. [8] Two of the most widely studied uses for luminescence in ponyfish are camouflage by ventral counterillumination [9] [10] and species-specific sexual dimorphism. [6] [7] [11] [12] The light organ systems of ponyfishes are highly variable across species and often between sexes. [11] [12]

Taxonomy

Leiognathidae is classified within the suborder Percoidei by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World, but they are placed in an unnamed clade which sits outside the superfamily Percoidea. This clade contains 7 families which appear to have some relationship to Acanthuroidei, Monodactylidae, and Priacanthidae. [13] Other authorities have placed the family in the order Chaetodontiformes alongside the family Chaetodontidae. [14]

Timeline of genera

Quaternary Neogene Paleogene Holocene Pleist. Plio. Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene Leiognathus Gazza (fish) Quaternary Neogene Paleogene Holocene Pleist. Plio. Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene

Genera

The following genera are classified within the Leiognathidae: [4] [3]

References

  1. ^ Sepkoski, J. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23.
  2. ^ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID  25543675.
  3. ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Leiognathidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  4. ^ a b Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2015). "Leiognathidae" in FishBase. February 2015 version.
  5. ^ Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 186. ISBN  978-0-12-547665-2.
  6. ^ a b Haneda, Y.; Tsuji, F.I. (1976). "Luminescent systems of pony fishes". Journal of Morphology. 150 (2): 539–552. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1976.150.2.539. S2CID  91711575.
  7. ^ a b McFall-Ngai, M.J.; Dunlap, P.V. (1984). "External and internal sexual dimorphism in leiognathid fishes: Morphological evidence for sex-specific bioluminescent signaling". Journal of Morphology. 182 (1): 71–83. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1051820105. ISSN  1097-4687. PMID  6492170. S2CID  23956409.
  8. ^ Kaeding, A.J.; Ast, J.C.; Pearce, M.M.; Urbanczyk, H.; Kimura, S.; Endo, H.; Nakamura, M.; Dunlap, P.V. (2007). "Phylogenetic Diversity and Cosymbiosis in the Bioluminescent Symbioses of "Photobacterium mandapamensis"". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73 (10): 3173–3182. Bibcode: 2007ApEnM..73.3173K. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02212-06. ISSN  0099-2240. PMC  1907103. PMID  17369329.
  9. ^ Hastings, J.W. (1971). "Light to Hide by: Ventral Luminescence to Camouflage the Silhouette". Science. 173 (4001): 1016–1017. Bibcode: 1971Sci...173.1016W. doi: 10.1126/science.173.4001.1016. ISSN  0036-8075. PMID  17796582. S2CID  5680392.
  10. ^ McFall-Ngai, M.J.; Morin, J.G. (1991). "Camouflage by Disruptive Illumination in Leiognathids, a Family of Shallow-Water, Bioluminescent Fishes". Journal of Experimental Biology. 156 (1): 119–137. doi: 10.1242/jeb.156.1.119. ISSN  0022-0949.
  11. ^ a b Sparks, J.S.; Dunlap, P.V.; Smith, W.L. (2005). "Evolution and diversification of a sexually dimorphic luminescent system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), including diagnoses for two new genera" (PDF). Cladistics. 21 (4): 305–327. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00067.x. hdl: 2027.42/72092. ISSN  1096-0031. PMID  34892969. S2CID  53063530.
  12. ^ a b Chakrabarty, P.; Davis, M.P.; Smith, W.L.; Berquist, R.; Gledhill, K.M.; Frank, L.R.; Sparks, J.S. (2011). "Evolution of the light organ system in ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae)". Journal of Morphology. 272 (6): 704–721. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10941. ISSN  1097-4687. PMID  21433053. S2CID  9331522.
  13. ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 453. ISBN  978-1-118-34233-6.
  14. ^ R. Betancur-Rodriguez; E. Wiley; N. Bailly; A. Acero; M. Miya; G. Lecointre; G. Ortí (2017). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes – Version 4". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. doi: 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC  5501477. PMID  28683774.
  15. ^ Sparks, J.S.; Chakrabarty, P. (2015). "Description of a new genus of ponyfishes (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with a review of the current generic-level composition of the family". Zootaxa. 3947 (2): 181–190. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3947.2.2. PMID  25947728.
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