The Capetian dynasty (/kəˈpiːʃən/kə-PEE-shən; French: Capétiens), also known as the "House of France", is a
dynasty of European origin, and a branch of the
Robertians and the
Karlings. It is among the largest and oldest
royal houses in Europe and the world, and consists of
Hugh Capet, the founder of the dynasty, and his male-line descendants, who ruled in France without interruption from 987 to 1792, and again from 1814 to 1848. The senior line ruled in France as the
House of Capet from the election of Hugh Capet in 987 until the death of
Charles IV in 1328. That line was succeeded by
cadet branches, the Houses of
Valois and then
Bourbon, which ruled without interruption until the
French Revolution abolished the monarchy in 1792. The Bourbons were restored in 1814 in the aftermath of
Napoleon's defeat, but had to vacate the throne again in 1830 in favour of the last Capetian monarch of France,
Louis Philippe I, who belonged to the
House of Orléans.
Cadet branches of the Capetian House of Bourbon are still reigning over Spain and Luxembourg.
The dynasty had a crucial role in the formation of the French state. Initially obeyed only in their own
demesne, the
Île-de-France, the Capetian kings slowly but steadily increased their power and influence until it grew to cover the entirety of their realm. For a detailed narration on the growth of French royal power, see Crown lands of France.
Members of the dynasty were traditionally Catholic, and the early Capetians had an alliance with the
Church. The French were also the most active participants in the
Crusades, culminating in a series of five Crusader kings –
Louis VII,
Philip Augustus,
Louis VIII,
Louis IX, and
Philip III. The Capetian alliance with the papacy suffered a severe blow after the disaster of the
Aragonese Crusade. Philip III's son and successor,
Philip IV, arrested Pope Boniface VIII and brought the
papacy under French control. The later Valois, starting with
Francis I, ignored religious differences and
allied with the
Ottoman sultan to counter the growing power of the
Holy Roman Empire.
Henry IV was a Protestant at the time of his accession, but realized the necessity of conversion after four years of religious warfare.
The Capetians generally enjoyed a harmonious family relationship. By tradition, younger sons and brothers of the king of France were given
appanages for them to maintain their rank and to dissuade them from claiming the French crown itself. When Capetian cadets did aspire for kingship, their ambitions were directed not at the French throne, but at foreign thrones. As a result, the Capetians have reigned at different times in the kingdoms of
Portugal,
Sicily and
Naples,
Navarre,
Hungary and Croatia,
Poland, Spain and
Sardinia, grand dukedoms of
Lithuania and
Luxembourg, and in
Latin and
Brazilian empires.
The name of the dynasty derives from its founder,
Hugh, who was known as "Hugh Capet".[4] The meaning of "Capet" (a nickname rather than a surname of the modern sort) is unknown. While folk etymology identifies it with "cape", other suggestions indicate it might be connected to the Latin word caput ("head"), and explain it as meaning "chief" or "head".[citation needed]
Historians in the 19th century (see
House of France) came to apply the name "Capetian" to both the ruling house of France and to the wider-spread male-line descendants of Hugh Capet. It was not a contemporary practice. The name "Capet" has also been used as a surname for French royalty, particularly but not exclusively those of the
House of Capet. One notable use was during the French Revolution, when the dethroned
King Louis XVI (a member of the
House of Bourbon and a direct male-line descendant of Hugh Capet) and
Queen Marie Antoinette (a member of the
House of Habsburg-Lorraine) were referred to as "Louis and Antoinette Capet" (the queen being addressed as "the Widow Capet" after the execution of her husband).
Capetian miracle
The Capetian miracle (French: Miracle capétien) refers to the dynasty's ability to attain and hold onto the French crown.[5][page needed]
In 987,
Hugh Capet was elected to succeed
Louis V of the
Carolingian dynasty that had ruled France for over three centuries. By a process of associating elder sons with them in the kingship, the early Capetians established the hereditary succession in their family and transformed a theoretically electoral kingship into a sacral one. By the time of
Philip II Augustus, who became king in 1180, the Capetian hold on power was so strong that the practice of associate kingship was dropped. While the Capetian monarchy began as one of the weakest in Europe, drastically eclipsed by the new Anglo-Norman realm in England (who, as
dukes of Normandy, were technically their vassals) and even other
great lords of France, the political value of orderly succession in the Middle Ages cannot be overstated. The
orderly succession of power from father to son over such a long period of time meant that the French monarchs, who originally were essentially just the direct rulers of the
Île-de-France, were able to preserve and extend their power, while over the course of centuries the great peers of the realm would eventually lose their power in one succession crisis or another.
By comparison, the Crusader
Kingdom of Jerusalem was constantly beset with internal succession disputes because each generation only produced female heirs who tended to die young. Even the English monarchy encountered severe succession crises, such as
The Anarchy of the 1120s between Stephen and Matilda, and the murder of
Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, the primogeniture heir of
Richard I of England. The latter case would deal a severe blow to the prestige of
King John, leading to the eventual destruction of Angevin hegemony in France. In contrast, the French kings were able to maintain uncontested father-to-son succession from the time of Hugh Capet until the succession crisis which began the
Hundred Years' War of the 14th century.
The dynastic surname now used to describe Hugh Capet's family prior to his election as King of France is "Robertians" or "Robertines." The name is derived from the family's first certain ancestor,
Robert the Strong (b. 820), the count of Paris. Robert was probably son of
Robert III of Worms (b. 800) and grandson of
Robert of Hesbaye (b. 770). The Robertians probably originated in the county
Hesbaye, around
Tongeren in modern-day Belgium. The sons of Robert the Strong were
Odo and
Robert, who both ruled as king of
Western Francia. The family became
Counts of Paris under Odo and Dukes of the
Franks under Robert, possessing large parts of
Neustria.
The Carolingian dynasty ceased to rule France upon the death of
Louis V. Afterwards, the son of Hugh the Great,
Hugh Capet, was elected by the nobility as king of France. Hugh was crowned at
Noyon on 3 July 987 with the full support from
Holy Roman EmperorOtto III. Hugh's coronation ushered in a new era for France, and his descendants came to be called the Capetians, with the Capetian dynasty and its cadet branches such as the
House of Valois ruling France for more than 800 years (987–1848, with two interruptions during the
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, first between 1792 and 1814, and then for
three months in 1815.)
Over the succeeding centuries, Capetians spread throughout Europe, ruling every form of provincial unit from
kingdoms to
manors.
Salic law
Salic law, re-established during the
Hundred Years' War from an ancient
Frankish tradition, caused the French monarchy to permit only male (
agnatic) descendants of Hugh to succeed to the throne of France.
Without Salic law, upon the death of
John I, the crown would have passed to his half-sister,
Joan (later Joan II of Navarre). However, Joan's paternity was suspect due to her mother's adultery in the
Tour de Nesle Affair; the French magnates adopted Salic law to avoid the succession of a possible bastard.
In 1328, King
Charles IV of France died without male heirs, as his brothers did before him.
Philip of Valois, the late king's first cousin, acted as regent, pending the birth of the king's posthumous child, which proved to be a girl.
Isabella of France, sister of Charles IV, claimed the throne for her son,
Edward III of England. The English king did not find support among the French lords, who made Philip of Valois their king. From then on the French succession not only excluded females but also rejected claims based on the female line of descent.
This did not affect monarchies not under that law such as Portugal, Spain,
Navarre, and various smaller duchies and counties. Therefore, many royal families appear and disappear in the French succession or become cadet branches upon marriage. A complete list of the senior-most line of Capetians is available
below.
Capetian cadet branches
The Capetian dynasty has been broken many times into (sometimes rival) cadet branches. A cadet branch is a line of descent from another line than the senior-most. This list of cadet branches shows most of the Capetian cadet lines and designating their royal French progenitor, although some sub-branches are not shown.
Throughout most of history, the Senior Capet and the
King of France were synonymous terms. Only in the time before
Hugh Capet took the crown for himself and after the reign of
Charles X is there a distinction such that the senior Capet must be identified independently from succession to the French Crown. However, since primogeniture and the
Salic law provided for the succession of the French throne for most of French history, here is a list of all the French kings from Hugh until Charles, and all the
Legitimist pretenders thereafter. All dates are for seniority, not reign.
Many years have passed since the Capetian monarchs ruled a large part of Europe; however, they still remain as kings, as well as other titles. Currently two Capetian monarchs still rule in Spain and Luxembourg. In addition, seven
pretenders represent exiled dynastic monarchies in Brazil, France, Spain, Portugal, Parma and Two Sicilies. The current legitimate, senior family member is
Louis-Alphonse de Bourbon, known by his supporters as
Duke of Anjou, who also holds the
Legitimist (Blancs d'Espagne) claim to the French throne. Overall, dozens of branches of the Capetian dynasty still exist throughout Europe.
Except for the
House of Braganza (founded by an
illegitimate son of King
John I of Portugal, who was himself illegitimate), all current major Capetian branches are of the Bourbon cadet branch. Within the House of Bourbon, many of these lines are themselves well-defined cadet lines of the House.
Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold.
Naus, James (2016). Constructing kingship : the Capetian monarchs of France and the early Crusades. Manchester University Press.
ISBN9780719090974.
Further reading
Ingmar Krause: Konflikt und Ritual im Herrschaftsbereich der frühen Capetinger – Untersuchungen zur Darstellung und Funktion symbolischen Verhaltens. (in German). Rhema-Verlag, Münster 2006,
ISBN978-3-930454-62-4
Fawtier, Robert. The Capetian Kings of France: Monarchy & Nation (987–1328). Macmillan, 1960. (translated from French edition of 1941)
Hallam, Elizabeth M. Capetian France 987–1328. Longman, 1980.
Le Hête, Thierry. Les Capetiens: Le Livre du Millenaire. Editions Christian, 1987.
^Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafeln 10, 11
^Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family Who Forged Europe, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), pp. 371, 375