Etxerat (Basque:[et͡ʃeɾat], meaning 'Homeward') is an association of family members of people who have been imprisoned or
exiled because of their activity in support of the
Basque National Liberation Movement. Most of those prisoners and exiles are members, or former members, of the Basque armed separatist organization
ETA. Others were not members of ETA but have been jailed for collaborating with it, or have been convicted of other crimes such as belonging to illegal organizations like
SEGI or
Gestoras pro Amnistía, belonging to or trying to rebuild banned
political parties such as
Batasuna and
Askatasuna, participating in
Kale borroka, or for the "public glorification of terrorism". Etxerat's primary activities are to support those family members, and to campaign to defend the
rights of their imprisoned and exiled relatives.
History
Etxerat, originally called Senideak ('Relatives' in
Basque), was created on 6 October 1991.[1][2] In 1989 the
Spanish Government had begun sending Basque prisoners involved in the separatist movement to prisons all over
Spain. This 'dispersion of prisoners' caused the family members of those prisoners to feel that they were being punished even though they had done nothing wrong. This led them to form an association to speak on their behalf.[3] In addition to this it has been suggested that an additional motive was that the families of the prisoners were unhappy with the way the organisation
Amnistiaren Aldeko Batzordeak, which up until then campaigned on behalf of the prisoners, was undertaking this task.[1]
In December 2001 Senideak changed its name to Etxerat.[4][5]
Its current logo is a reversed version of the lamp in Pablo Picasso's painting
Guernica.
Summary of its aims
The aims of Etxerat are to achieve an end to the
policy of dispersion of prisoners used by the
French and Spanish Governments,[6][7] to assist and support family members of Basque nationalist prisoners and exiles,[8][9] and to bring to public attention the conditions in which those prisoners and exiles live.[10]
Dispersion of prisoners
Etxerat's main campaign is to end the French and Spanish Governments' policies of dispersing to prisons all over
France and Spain those people imprisoned because of their activity within the Basque separatist movement.[11][12][13] Etxerat claims that this forces the family members of those prisoners to travel huge distances, often hundreds of miles, just to visit their relatives for a couple of hours.[14][15] Etxerat considers this a punishment of those family members and claims that it infringes their human rights to maintain frequent contact with their imprisoned family members.[16] The ending of this policy has substantial public support in the
Basque Country,[17][18][19] and is also supported by
Pablo Iglesias, the leader of the main
anti-austerity party in Spain,
Podemos.[20]
The Spanish Government considers that the dispersion of prisoners connected to ETA is a benefit to them, because being separated from other more radical prisoners allows any who want to leave ETA the opportunity to do so.[21] In 2014 the
Prime Minister of Spain,
Mariano Rajoy, said that the policy does the prisoners a "big favour" by helping them in the process of reintegration into society.[22]
Activities
Etxerat undertakes a range of activities supporting these prisoners and their families. They include:
Publishing a monthly list of the prisoners they support, with details of health problems that any are suffering and reports of any mistreatment that the prisoners or family members have claimed.[25][26]
Organising a coach that travels to
Andalusia from the
Basque Country every Friday so that friends and families of the prisoners jailed there can travel together and save on the cost of travelling.[27][28]
Organising
press conferences in order to publicise specific issues relating to the prisoners.[29][30]
Undertaking projects to improve the lives of prisoners and their families.[31][32]
There are currently over 300 prisoners which Etxerat seeks to support.[25] Most of these were members of ETA when arrested and have been convicted of
terrorist activities. Some committed
murder during ETA's
violent campaign. Others have been jailed because they have links to ETA such as through their membership of banned organizations like
SEGI or
Gestoras pro Amnistía, or banned
political parties such as
Batasuna and
Askatasuna. Still more have been jailed for collaborating with ETA, or participating in
Kale borroka, or for the "public glorification of terrorism".[36][37][38]
Exiles
There are currently around 300 'exiled' people with some connection to ETA.[39] Some are exiled because they are actually wanted by the
Spanish judiciary, and others because they believe they might be in the future. Around 100 are in France with the majority of the rest living in
Mexico and
Venezuela.[39]
Criticism
Some politicians have claimed the Etxerat is part of ETA's network,[40] however an attempt to make it illegal in 2009 failed.[41][42] In 2010
Carlos Urquijo of the
Popular Party asked the Basque Government to prevent Etxerat from holding its
annual meeting, because he said it was wrong that they should be allowed to criticise prison policy and call their imprisoned relatives "Political prisoners".[43]
Government support
Etxerat, and its predecessor Senideak, have received financial support from the Basque Government since the 1990s.[44][45] Much of this
was to cover the transport costs of family members visiting these prisoners.[5][44] In 2009 this payment was suspended by the Spanish Government.[44][45]
In addition to these transport costs the Basque Government has given Etxerat grants so that it can undertake projects, such as improving the educational opportunities of the prisoners.[31][46] These grants are sometimes withdrawn or reduced by the Spanish Government official responsible for oversight of the Basque Country ('Delegado del Gobierno en el País Vasco'). In the most recent case this was because the Spanish Government took the view that it was not the role of the Basque Government to fund education in prisons outside the Basque Country.[47][48]
Recent Developments
In March 2015 four members of Etxerat were arrested by the
Civil Guard in Spain. The
European United Left–Nordic Green Left group in the European Parliament condemned this move, which it categorized as "Political".[8] The arrested individuals were accused of coordinating a "unity of action" policy for the prisoners, but were released without charge after 4 days.[33]