In November 1964, Pennsylvania radio station
WGCB, owned by Red Lion Broadcasting, aired a 15-minute broadcast in which Reverend
Billy James Hargis criticized author/journalist
Fred J. Cook, who had written a book that shed a poor light on Senator
Barry Goldwater. Hargis also alleged that Cook was
affiliated with Communists. When Cook learned about the broadcast, he demanded free airtime on WGCB to respond to Hargis's personal attacks against him, which was permissible under the
Fairness Doctrine. The station rejected the request, after which Cook filed a complaint with the FCC.[1]
The FCC ruled that the WGCB broadcast was indeed a personal attack against Cook, and the station was obligated under the Fairness Doctrine to offer free airtime to Cook so he could issue a reply. WGCB again refused to offer time to Cook under the doctrine's equal time and
right of reply rules. The FCC then ruled that Red Lion Broadcasting had violated the Fairness Doctrine, which could result in the loss of their broadcast license.[1]
Red Lion Broadcasting filed suit and claimed that the Fairness Doctrine was a violation of the
First Amendment because it
compelled a broadcaster to issue time to, and air commentary from, parties that it may not contract with voluntarily. Red Lion also claimed that the doctrine violated various other rights in the Constitution and several rules about
vague and uncertain regulations.[2] The
United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit ruled in favor of the FCC, holding that the Fairness Doctrine did not violate any parts of the Constitution.[2]
The Supreme Court ruled unanimously in favor of the FCC, upholding the
Fairness Doctrine and ruling that it was "the right of the public to receive suitable access to social, political, esthetic, moral, and other ideas and experiences."[1] The court strongly suggested that broadcasters are
First Amendment speakers whose editorial speech is protected. Regardless, in upholding the Fairness Doctrine, the Court based its rationale on challenges created by the
scarce radio spectrum, because broadcast media outlets were limited at the time.[1]
Justice
Byron White delivered the Opinion of the Court and came to the conclusion that the federal government could place restrictions on broadcasters that could not be placed on ordinary individuals. He stated that "without government control, the medium would be of little use because of the cacophony of competing voices, none of which could be clearly and predictably heard."[1] It was decided that even though broadcasting is a medium that enjoys free speech protections, the specific technical challenges of broadcasting justify differences in the application of the First Amendment.[3]
The Court further explained that the First Amendment does not allow broadcasters who are licensed by the government to use scarce public resources (frequencies) to deny that same resource to others, which would itself be an indirect form of censorship. Meanwhile, even though the Fairness Doctrine's rules may discourage broadcasters from addressing controversial issues in the first place (a possible
chilled speech effect), as had been claimed by Red Lion Broadcasting, the FCC still had the authority to prevent abusive coverage of such issues.[1]
Justice White also held that it is the rights of viewers and listeners that are most important, not the rights of broadcasters. The Fairness Doctrine required that those who were discussed or criticized be given the chance to respond to the statements made by broadcasters, and the Court believed that this helped create a more informed public. Justice White explained that without this doctrine, station owners would only have people on the air who agreed with their own opinions.[3][4]
Impact
Although Justice
William O. Douglas did not participate in the Red Lion ruling, he later stated in Columbia Broadcasting System v. Democratic National Committee that he would have
dissented, arguing that the Constitutional right to freedom of the press was absolute, and the government could never
compel a radio station to broadcast what it did not wish to.[5]
The Red Lion ruling has been widely cited as one of the most important Supreme Court rulings on the matter of
broadcasting and
media, because it solidified the
public interest in equitable use of then-
scarce public broadcast airwaves, which can justify some partial restrictions on the free speech rights of broadcasters by the Federal Communications Commission.[6][7][8] However, the ruling is still being used as a precedent in disputes over much later mass media technologies that have made concerns over scarce frequencies largely obsolete. This has inspired some criticism and calls for reappraisal of the precedent.[9][10][11]
This ruling is also part of an inconsistent duo of cases, with the other being Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo, in which the Supreme Court upheld different levels of government regulation for print media vs. broadcast media.[12] This has resulted in frequent criticism of the differing free speech protections for different types of
mass media simply because of their delivery methods.[13][14][15]
^
abRed Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC,
381 F. 2d 908 (D.C. Cir., 1967)
^
abGillman, Howard; Graber, Mark A.; Whittington, Keith E. (2013). American Constitutionalism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 558–561.
ISBN978-0-19-975135-8.
^Blake, Jonathan D. (1969). "Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC: Fairness and the Emperor's New Clothes". Federal Communications Bar Journal. 23 (2): 75–92 – via HeinOnline.
^Marks, Richard D. (1970). "Broadcasting and Censorship: First Amendment Theory After Red Lion". George Washington Law Review. 38 (5): 974–1005 – via HeinOnline.
^Campbell, Angela J. (2008). "The Legacy of Red Lion". Administrative Law Review. 60 (4): 783–792 – via HeinOnline.
^Patrick, Dennis R.; Silberstein, Diane L. (Summer 1985). "Red Lion Still Has Broadcasters Singing the Blues". Communications Lawyer. 3 (3): 1–19 – via HeinOnline.
^Hazlett, Thomas W.; Oh, Sarah; Clark, Drew (Fall 2010). "The Overly Active Corpse of Red Lion". Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property. 9 (9): 51–95 – via HeinOnline.
^Powe Jr., L.A. (2009). "Red Lion and Pacifica: Are They Relics?". Pepperdine Law Review. 36 (2): 445–462 – via HeinOnline.
^Lipsky Jr., Abbott B. (February 1976). "Reconciling Red Lion and Tornillo: A Consistent Theory of Media Regulation". Stanford Law Review. 28 (3): 563–588.
doi:
10.2307/1228307.
JSTOR1228307 – via HeinOnline.
^Emord, Jonathan W. (1992). "The First Amendment Invalidity of FCC Content Regulations". Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy. 6 (1): 93–216 – via HeinOnline.
^Soriano, Josephine (Spring 2006). "The Digital Transition and the First Amendment: Is It Time to Reevaluate Red Lion's Scarcity Rationale?". Boston University Public Interest Law Journal. 15 (2): 341–356 – via HeinOnline.
^Calvert, Clay (2022). "First Amendment Battles over-Anti-Deplatforming Statutes: Examining Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo's Relevance for Today's Online Social Media Platform Cases". New York University Law Review Online. 97: 1–17 – via HeinOnline.