Proposed political concept
The term redâgreenâbrown alliance , originating in France in the 2000s, refers to the alliance of
leftists (
red ),
Islamists (
green ), and the
far right (
brown ).
[1]
[2]
[3] The term has also been used to describe alleged alliances of
industrial union -focused leftists (red ),
ecologically -minded
agrarians (green ), and the far right (brown ).
[4]
[5]
History
French essayist
Alexandre del Valle wrote of "a redâbrownâgreen ... ideological alliance" in a 22 April 2002 article in the right-wing
Le Figaro newspaper,
[6] also writing of "redâbrownâgreen, the strange alliance" in a January 2004 article in the Politique Internationale magazine.
[7] Del Valle's conceptual rendering of Islamist ideological trends appears to be based at least partially on earlier writings in which he charged the United States and Western Europe with favouring the "war machine" of "armed Islamism" via its funding of the Afghanistani
mujahideen in the
SovietâAfghan War during the
Ronald Reagan presidency.
[8] In 2010, Del Valle published an essay in Italy titled "Verdi, Rossi, Neri. La convergenza degli estremismi antioccidentali: islamismo, comunismo, neonazismo " ("Red, Black, Green: The Meeting of Extreme Anti-Westernisms").
[9]
The later popularity of the redâgreenâbrown theory and its various permutations derives mainly from a speech given by
Roger Cukierman , president of the
Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France (CRIF), to a CRIF banquet on 25 January 2003, and given prominence by a 27/28 January 2003 newspaper article in
Le Monde . Cukierman used the French term "alliance brun-vert-rouge" to describe the antisemitic alignment supposedly shared by "an
extreme right nostalgic for racial hierarchies" (symbolized by the colour brown in reference to the
Sturmabteilung ), "an
extreme left [which is]
anti-globalist ,
anti-capitalist ,
anti-American [and]
anti-Zionist " (red), and followers of
José Bové (green). In the United States, a similar alliance of disparate groups occurred in opposition to the
World Trade Organization in the
alter-globalization movement , which saw trade unions,
neo-Luddite environmentalists, and
paleoconservative nationalists like
Pat Buchanan joining a common cause.
[5] Many were surprised by leftist
Lenora Fulani 's support for Buchanan, which has been viewed as an example of a redâgreenâbrown alliance.
[10]
Similar terms
In Russia
The redâbrown term (
Russian :
ĐșŃĐ°ŃĐœĐŸ-ĐșĐŸŃĐžŃĐœĐ”ĐČŃĐ” , krasno-korichnevye ) originated in
post-Soviet Russia to describe an alliance of
communists and far-right (
nationalist ,
fascist ,
monarchist , and
religious ) opposition to the
liberal ,
pro-capitalist Russian government in the 1990s, opposing
economic and
social reforms such as rapid transition to a
market economy through
shock therapy , subsequent sharp increase in
poverty and drop in
living standards , and removal of many restrictions on people's behaviour.
[11] Such an alliance was first suggested by
Aleksandr Dugin , an early member of the
National Bolshevik Party and writer of the new
Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) program.
[12] As leader of the opposition,
Gennady Zyuganov oversaw the partnership of the CPRF with
Russian National Unity , a prominent
Russian neo-Nazi party.
[13]
As described by American geography lecturer
Alexander Reid Ross in his 2017 Against the Fascist Creep , in the 1990s Zyuganov also formed alliances with the neo-Nazi
National Republican Party of Russia and the Soyuz Venedov, the latter of which, as described and paraphrased by Reid Ross, " 'promotes the worship of pagan gods of the
Slavic pantheon ' while translating and disseminating German
Nazi propaganda in Russian."
[14] After Zyuganov publicly proclaimed this new redâbrown alliance, there was a noted rise in
antisemitism within the
CPRF ,
[15] particularly driven by party official
Albert Makashov , who openly called for the expulsion of
Jews in Russia and met with
David Duke ,
grand wizard of the
Ku Klux Klan .
[13]
[16]
See also
References
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^
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the original on 18 April 2012. Also available from
harissa.com .
^ A. Del Valle,
"Rouges-Bruns-Verts : L'Ă©trange alliance" , Politique Internationale , no. 102 (January 2004),
official translation . Retrieved 7 May 2016.
^
Murawiec, Laurent (Spring 2000).
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^ A. Del Valle,
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Archived 5 July 2018 at the
Wayback Machine , L'Occidentale , 3 December 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
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^
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ISBN
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^
a
b Ross, Alexander Reid (2017). Against the Fascist Creep . Chico, CA:
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^ Ross, Alexander Reid (2017). Against the Fascist Creep . Chico, CA:
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^ Shenfield, Stephen D. (2001). Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements .
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ISBN
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^ Beirich, Heidi (2013). "Hate Across Waters". In Wodak, Ruth; Khosravinik, Majid; Mral, Brigitte (eds.). Right-Wing Populism in Europe .
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Further reading
"[unknown]" . Insight Turkey . 6 . Istanbul, Turkey: Center for Intercultural Dialogue and Cooperation, Ankara Center for Turkish Policy Studies. 2004.
ISSN
2564-7717 .
JSTOR
i26328846 . To locate this article, see
journal indices .
"Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France" . crif.org (in French). 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. {{
cite web }}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
link )
"Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France" . crif.org (in French). 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. {{
cite web }}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
link )
Cukierman, R. (2008).
Ni fiers ni dominateurs (in French). Moment. p. 85f,192.
ISBN
9782354170332 .
Hassoux, Didier (27 January 2003).
"Défiance à l'égard de toute la gauche" . Libération.fr (in French).
Hecker, M. (2005).
La dĂ©fense des intĂ©rĂȘts de l'Ă©tat d'IsraĂ«l en France . Collection "Inter-national." (in French). L'Harmattan. p. 100,121.
ISBN
978-2-7475-9228-4 .
Kling, A. (2010).
Le CRIF, Conseil reprĂ©sentatif des institutions juives de France: un lobby au coeur de la RĂ©publique (in French). Ăditions Mithra. p. 52f,163.
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9782952942324 .
L'Année politique, économique et sociale en France (in French). Moniteur. 2003. p. 25.
Rabasa, A. (2006).
Beyond Al-Qaeda: The outer rings of the terrorist universe . Rand Corporation. p. 93.
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978-0-8330-3932-3 .
"Raffarin promet de s'attaquer au nouvel antisémitisme" [Raffarin promises to tackle the new anti-Semitism]. Le Figaro . 27 January 2003.
Rich, Dave (November 2004).
"The barriers come down: Antisemitism and coalitions of extremes" (PDF) .
Community Security Trust . Archived from
the original (PDF) on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
Schnapper, D.; Bordes-Benayoun, C.; Raphaël, F. (2009).
La condition juive en France: La tentation de l'entre-soi . Lien social (in French). Presses universitaires de France. p. 41.
ISBN
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del Valle, Alexandre (2002).
Le totalitarisme islamiste Ă l'assaut des dĂ©mocraties (in French). Ăditions des Syrtes.
ISBN
978-2-84545-058-5 .
del Valle, Alexandre; Razavi, E. (2005).
Le dilemme turc, ou, Les vrais enjeux de la candidature d'Ankara (in French). Syrtes.
ISBN
978-2-84545-116-2 .
del Valle, Alexandre (3 January 2004).
"Les rouges, les bruns et les verts, ou la convergence des totalitarismes" [The Reds, Browns and Greens: The convergence of totalitarianisms]. Politique Internationale (in French). Archived from
the original on 13 October 2009. Also published at
webresistant.over-blog.com
del Valle, Alexandre (21 May 2011).
"Les convergences des totalitarismes communiste, fachiste et islamiste" [The convergences of Communist, Fascist, and Islamist totalitarianisms]. Europe Israel News (in French). Also published at
webresistant.over-blog.com .