| Pholidosauridae Temporal range:
Late Jurassic -
Late Cretaceous, Possible
Middle Jurassic (
Bathonian) and
Paleocene (
Danian) records.
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|---|---|
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| Oceanosuchus | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Clade: | Archosauria |
| Clade: | Pseudosuchia |
| Clade: | Crocodylomorpha |
| Clade: | Crocodyliformes |
| Suborder: | † Tethysuchia |
| Family: | †
Pholidosauridae Zittel and Eastman, 1902 |
| Subgroups | |
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Pholidosauridae is an extinct family of aquatic neosuchian mesoeucrocodylian crocodylomorphs. Fossils have been found in Europe ( Denmark, England, France, Germany, Spain and Sweden), Africa ( Algeria, Niger, Mali, Morocco and Tunisia), North America ( Canada and the United States) and South America ( Brazil and Uruguay). The pholidosaurids first appeared in the fossil record during the Bathonian stage of the Middle Jurassic. Jouve & Jalil (2020) described postcranial material of a pholidosaurid from the Paleocene ( Danian) of Ouled Abdoun Basin (Morocco), representing the most recent record of the family. The authors also reinterpreted putative Maastrichtian dyrosaurid Sabinosuchus as a pholidosaurid, and argued that at least two independent pholidosaurid lineages reached the Maastrichtian, among which one survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. [1] Before the publication of this study it was thought that the family became extinct during the Late Turonian stage of the Late Cretaceous. [2]
Sarcosuchus is one of the best known pholidosaurs. It is believed to have attained lengths of up to 9.5 m and weighed up to 4.3 metric tons. [3] Related to Sarcosuchus, Chalawan thailandicus could have reached more than 10 m (33 ft) in length. [4] One genus, Suchosaurus, once thought to be a pholidosaur, [5] has since been shown to be a spinosaurid theropod dinosaur [6] (incertae sedis within Baryonychinae; possibly a junior synonym of Baryonyx [7]). The Cenomanian Terminonaris was the Pholidosaurid species that appeared to be the most common during the Late Cretaceous. [8]
Phylogeny
Pholidosauridae is usually considered to be most closely related to the Dyrosauridae. However, the relationship between these families is not fully understood. Pholidosauridae might be monophyletic, [2] paraphyletic [9] or even a polyphyletic [10] in relation to Dyrosauridae. For example, Fortier, Perea & Schultz (2011) found the family to be monophyletic, and include to main lineages: the Elosuchus–Meridiosaurus lineage and the Pholidosaurus lineage. The cladogram below shows their phylogenetic analysis, which is based on an expanded version of Pol and Gasparini (2009) analysis. [2]
de Andrade et al. (2011) recovered a paraphyletic traditional Pholidosauridae. In their analysis the "Elosuchus lineage" was found to be basal to the "Pholidosaurus lineage"+Dyrosauridae. They used the name Elosuchidae for the Elosuchus lineage and restricted Pholidosauridae to its type genus. The following cladogram simplified after their analysis. [9]
References
- ^ a b c d Stéphane Jouve; Nour-Eddine Jalil (2020). "Paleocene resurrection of a crocodylomorph taxon: Biotic crises, climatic and sea level fluctuations". Gondwana Research. 85: 1–18. Bibcode: 2020GondR..85....1J. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2020.03.010. S2CID 219451890.
- ^ a b c Daniel Fortier, Daniel Perea & Cesar Schultz (2011). "Redescription and phylogenetic relationships of Meridiosaurus vallisparadisi, a pholidosaurid from the Late Jurassic of Uruguay". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 163 (s1): S66–S108. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00709.x.
- ^ Haley D O’Brien, Leigha M Lynch; Kent A Vliet; Brueggen, John; Gregory M Erickson; Paul M Gignac (2019). "Crocodylian Head Width Allometry and Phylogenetic Prediction of Body Size in Extinct Crocodyliforms". Integrative Organismal Biology. 1 (1): obz006. doi: 10.1093/iob/obz006. PMC 7671145. PMID 33791523.
- ^ Martin, J. E.; Lauprasert, K.; Buffetaut, E.; Liard, R. & Suteethorn, V. (2013). "A large pholidosaurid in the Phu Kradung Formation of north-eastern Thailand". Palaeontology. 57 (4): 757–769. doi: 10.1111/pala.12086. S2CID 128482290.
- ^ Carroll, R.L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. WH Freeman and Company, New York ISBN 0-7167-1822-7
- ^ Buffetaut, E. (2007). "The spinosaurid dinosaur Baryonyx (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Early Cretaceous of Portugal." Geological Magazine, 144(6): 1021-1025.
- ^ Mateus, Octávio; Araújo, Ricardo; Natário, Carlos; Castanhinha, Rui (21 April 2011). "A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus". Zootaxa. 2827 (1): 54–68. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.2827.1.3. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ^ Adams, Thomas L.; Polcyn, Michael J.; Mateus, Octávio; Winkler, Dale A.; Jacobs, Louis L. (1 May 2011). "First occurrence of the long-snouted crocodyliform Terminonaris (Pholidosauridae) from the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian) of Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (3): 712–716. Bibcode: 2011JVPal..31..712A. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2011.572938. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86061260.
- ^ a b Marco Brandalise de Andrade; Richard Edmonds; Michael J. Benton; Remmert Schouten (2011). "A new Berriasian species of Goniopholis (Mesoeucrocodylia, Neosuchia) from England, and a review of the genus". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 163 (s1): S66–S108. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00709.x.
- ^ Bronzati, M.; Montefeltro, F. C.; Langer, M. C. (2012). "A species-level supertree of Crocodyliformes". Historical Biology. 24 (6): 598–606. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2012.662680. S2CID 53412111.
External links
- Pholidosauridae at the Paleobiology Database
- Mikko's Phylogeny Archive on Pholidosauridae
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