Pyotr Kuzmich Anokhin (
Russian: Пётр Кузьми́ч Ано́хин; January 26, 1898 – March 5, 1974) was a Soviet and Russian biologist and physiologist, known for his
theory of functional systems and the concept of systemogenesis.[1] He made important contributions to
cybernetics and
psychophysiology. His pioneering concept on
feedback was published in 1935.[2]
Overview
Anokhin was born in
Tsaritsyn,
Russian Empire in 1898. He studied
neurophysiology and received a doctorate of
medicine. He was an academician of Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and the Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He was one of the founders of the Institute of Psychology of the USSR and the laboratory of neuro-physiology of training.
In the 1920s he started his academic career under the guidance of
Ivan Pavlov, Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine in 1904. He developed the concept of
feedback, published in 1935. Furthermore, he "elaborated the theory of functional systems (FS) which tied together subtle neuro-physiological mechanisms and integral activity of an individual. FS theory was considered as the “methodological bridge” between
psychology and
physiology".[3] In the autumn of 1950, at a famous scientific session devoted to the problems of Pavlov's physiological teachings, new scientific trends were criticized and the theory of functional systems provoked serious rejection. Anokhin was suspended from work at the Institute of Physiology and sent to Ryazan. [citation needed]
Currently, his work is highly regarded in Russian and international psychophysiology. One of Moscow prospects and a Research Institute in Moscow was named after Anokhin. Several laboratories carry the names associated with his theory (such as the laboratory of functional systems in the Institute of Psychology,
Russian Academy of Sciences.
He died in Moscow.
Publications
The main works of Anokhin, P.K.:
1935, The problem of the center and periphery in the physiology of nervous activity, Gorky, 9-70.
1937, The functional system as the basis for the integration of nervous process during embryogenesis. All- Union Conference of Physiologists, Biochemists and Pharmacologists, Tbilisi (p. 148-156)
1940, The problem of localization from the point of view of systematic notions concerning nervous functions. J.Neoropath.exp.Neorol.,9, 31-44.
1945, Dreams and Science (Сновидения и наука), Moscow, Moscow Bolshevik, 40 p., (in Russian)
1949, The reflex and functional system as factor of physiological integration. Fiziol.Zh.(Moscow), 35, 491-503.
1958, International Inhibition as a Problem of Physiology, Moscow, Medgiz.
1961, A new conception of the physiological architecture by conditioned reflex. Brain Mechanisms and Learning, Oxford, Blackwell (pp. 189–229)
1963a, A methodological analysis of key problems in the conditioned reflex, Philosophical Problems of the Physiology of Higher Nervous Activity and of Psychology, Moscow, Academy of Sciences of USSR (p. 156-214)
1963b, Systemogenesis as a general regulator of brain development, Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 9, The Developing Brain, Amsterdam, Elsevier (pp. 54–86).
1968, The biology and neuro-physiology of conditioned reflex
1973, Biology and neurophysiology of the conditioned reflex and its role in adaptive behavior, Elsevier, 592 p.
1974, Biology and Neurophysiology of the Conditioned Reflex and Its Role in Adaptive Behavior. Oxford: Pergamon,1974
1975, The essays on physiology of functional systems
^Anokhin, P.K(1963), Systemogenesis as a General Regulator of Brain Development, Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 9, The Developing Brain, Amsterdam, Elsevier (pp.54-86)
^Anokhin, P.K.(1935), The Problem of the Center in the Physiology of Nervous Activity, Gorky, 9-70.