The Oxyrhynchus hymn (or P. Oxy. XV 1786) is the earliest known manuscript of a
ChristianGreekhymn to contain both
lyrics and
musical notation. The papyrus on which the hymn was written dates from around the end of the 3rd century
AD.[1] It is on Papyrus 1786 of the
Oxyrhynchus papyri, now kept at the Papyrology Rooms of the
Sackler Library,
Oxford. The manuscript was discovered in 1918 in
Oxyrhynchus,
Egypt, and later published in 1922.[2]
Description
The
lyrics of the Oxyrhynchus hymn were written in
Greek, and poetically invoke silence for the praise of the
Holy Trinity (i.e. cosmic stillness, a motif of
ancient Greek hymnody).[3] Historically, the hymn demonstrates Greek civilizational continuity where erudite Christian Greeks used and accepted the musical notation of their classical Greek predecessors.[4]
The music is written in
Greek vocal notation.[5] It is entirely
diatonic, with an
ambitus of exactly an
octave from F to F an octave above, and a
final nominally on G (assuming a
key signature without sharps or flats). The notation is
Hypolydian, and employs the rhythmic symbols
macron (diseme), leimma + macron, stigme, hyphen, and colon.[6] The text is largely set syllabically, with a few short
melismas. The hymn's meter is essentially
anapaestic, though there are some irregularities.[7]
The Oxyrhynchus hymn is the only surviving fragment of notated Christian Greek music from the first four hundred years of the Christian period,[8] although historian and musician
Kenneth Levy has argued that the
Sanctus melody best preserved in the Western medieval
Requiem mass dates from around the fourth century.[9] Modern recordings of the hymn have been included on a number of releases of Ancient Greek music.
Text
The
Phos Hilaron and the Oxyrhynchus hymn constitute the earliest extant Christian Greek hymn texts reasonably certain to have been used in Christian worship, but are neither drawn from the Bible nor modeled on Biblical passages.[10]
. . . together all the eminent ones of God. . .
. . . night] nor day (?) Let it/them be silent. Let the luminous stars not [. . .],
. . . [Let the rushings of winds, the sources] of all surging rivers [cease]. While we hymn
Father and Son and Holy Spirit, let all the powers answer, "Amen, amen, Strength, praise,
[and glory forever to God], the sole giver of all good things. Amen, amen."[11]
^Cosgrove 2011, 37–63, Chapter Three: "Interpretation of the Text". According to Cosgrove, the cosmic stillness motif can be found in
Homer's Iliad (19.255–19.256),
Callimachus's hymn to
Apollo,
Limenius's hymn to Apollo, in one of
Mesomedes's hymns, in two of
Synesius's hymns, etc.
^Lang 1941, 23: "The few words and notes of the Oxyrhynchus fragment furnish an invaluable document with which to demonstrate the uninterrupted continuity that existed between ancient and Christian Greek civilization. It testifies to the fact that the educated Christian Greeks accepted and transplanted the musical system of their ancestors. However, this is our sole document, and taking it for a model, we can only imagine how the hymns sung in the Christian communities of the great Egyptian cities sounded."
Grenfell, Bernard Pyne, and Arthur Surridge Hunt. 1922. "
1786. Christian Hymn with Musical Notation". The Oxyrhynchus Papyri 15, nos. 1778–1828:21–25. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.
Levy, Kenneth. 1958–62. "The Byzantine Sanctus and its Modal Tradition in East and West". Annales Musicologiques 6:7–67.
McKinnon, James W. 2001. "Christian Church, Music of the Early. §II: Special Issues, 8. The Musical Character of Early Christian Song". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by
Stanley Sadie and
John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
ISBN9780333608005.
Ensemble Kérylos a music group directed by scholar
Annie Bélis and dedicated to the recreation of ancient Greek and Roman music. 1996. "Hymne chrétienne d'Oxyrhynchus." Musique de l'Antiquité grecque. K617.069.
Atrium Musicæ de Madrid, Gregorio Paniagua. 1979. "Christian Hymn of Oxyrhynchus." Musique de la Grèce Antique. Harmonia Mundi (France) HMA 1901015. Arles: Harmonia Mundi.
Christodoulos Halaris. 1992. "Hymn to the Holy Trinity". Music of Ancient Greece. Orata ORANGM 2013. [Greece]: Orata Ltd.
Ensemble De Organographia. 1995. "Christian hymn, Anonymous (3rd c. AD) Oxyrhynchus papyrus 1786." Music of the Ancient Greeks. Pandourion PRCD1001. Oregon City: Pandourion Records. Track sample available at:
http://www.liturgica.com/Home/litEChLit