In 1975, a team of Japanese scientists discovered a strain of bacterium, living in ponds containing
waste water from a
nylon factory, that could digest certain byproducts of
nylon 6 manufacture, such as the linear dimer of
6-aminohexanoate. These substances are not known to have existed before the invention of
nylon in 1935. It was initially named as Achromobacter guttatus.[4]
Studies in 1977 revealed that the three
enzymes that the
bacteria were using to digest the byproducts were significantly different from any other enzymes produced by any other bacteria, and not effective on any material other than the manmade nylon byproducts.[5]
A few newer strains have been created by growing the original KI72 in different conditions, forcing it to adapt. These include KI722, KI723, KI723T1, KI725, KI725R, and many more.[8]
The enzymes
The bacterium contains the following three enzymes:
All three enzymes are encoded on a
plasmid called pOAD2.[9] The plasmid can be transferred to E. coli, as shown in a 1983 publication.[10]
EI
The enzyme EI is related to
amidases. Its structure was resolved in 2010.[11]
EII
EII has evolved by gene duplication followed by base substitution of another protein EII'. Both enzymes have 345 identical aminoacids out of 392 aminoacids (88% homology). The enzymes are similar to
beta-lactamase.[12]
The EII' (NylB', P07062) protein is about 100x times less efficient compared to EII. A 2007 research by the
Seiji Negoro team shows that just two amino-acid alterations to EII', i.e. G181D and H266N, raises its activity to 85% of EII.[9]
EIII
The structure of EIII was resolved in 2018. Instead of being a completely novel enzyme, it appears to be a member of the N-terminal nucleophile (N-tn) hydrolase family.[13] Specifically, computational approaches classify it as a
MEROPS S58 (now renamed P1) hydrolase. The protein is expressed as a precursor, which then cleaves itself into two chains.[14][15] Outside of this plasmid, > 95% similar proteins are found in Agromyces and Kocuria.[13]
EIII was originally thought to be completely novel.
Susumu Ohno proposed that it had come about from the combination of a
gene-duplication event with a
frameshift mutation. An insertion of
thymidine would turn an arginine-rich 427aa protein into this 392aa enzyme.[16]
There is scientific consensus that the capacity to synthesize nylonase most probably developed as a single-step mutation that survived because it improved the fitness of the bacteria possessing the mutation. More importantly, one of the enzymes involved was produced by a
frame-shift mutation that completely scrambled existing genetic code data.[17] Despite this, the new gene still had a novel, albeit weak, catalytic capacity. This is seen as a good example of how mutations easily can provide the raw material for
evolution by
natural selection.[18][19][20][21]
A 1995 paper showed that scientists have also been able to induce another species of bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to evolve the capability to break down the same nylon byproducts in a laboratory by forcing them to live in an environment with no other source of nutrients.[22]
^Takehara, I; Fujii, T; Tanimoto, Y (Jan 2018). "Metabolic pathway of 6-aminohexanoate in the nylon oligomer-degrading bacterium Arthrobacter sp. KI72: identification of the enzymes responsible for the conversion of 6-aminohexanoate to adipate". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 102 (2): 801–814.
doi:
10.1007/s00253-017-8657-y.
PMID29188330.
S2CID20206702.