(Described as Polytropa) The
spire is acuminate. The
whorls are foliated or tuberculose. The inner
lip is flattened. The
siphonal canal is small and oblique. The
aperture is narrowed at the forepart. [2]
Stewart, R. B. (1927). Gabb's California fossil type gastropods. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 78: 287–447, pls. 20–32.
Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA).
ISBN0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp.
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
Marko P. B. 2004. ‘What's larvae got to do with it?' Disparate patterns of post-glacial population structure in two benthic marine gastropods with identical dispersal potential. Molecular Ecology, 13: 597–611
Chichvarkhin A.Y. & Chichvarkhina O.V. (2014). Systematics of the western Pacific "giant" dog-whelks referred to Nucella elongata, Nucella heyseana, and Nucella lamellosa (Muricidae, Gastropoda). Mollusks of the eastern Asia and adjacent seas, Abstracts of the conference, Vladivostok, 6-8 October 2014. 11-12