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Nicotinamide mononucleotide ("NMN" and "β-NMN") is a
nucleotide derived from
ribose,
nicotinamide,
nicotinamide riboside and
niacin.[1] In humans, several enzymes use NMN to generate
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).[1] In mice, it has been proposed that NMN is absorbed via the small intestine within 10 minutes of oral uptake and converted to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (
NAD+) through the
Slc12a8 transporter.[2] However, this observation has been challenged,[3] and the matter remains unsettled.[4]
Because NADH is a
cofactor for processes inside
mitochondria, for
sirtuins and
PARP, NMN has been studied in
animal models as a potential neuroprotective and
anti-aging agent.[5][6] The reversal of aging at the cellular level by inhibiting
mitochondrial decay in presence of increased levels of NAD+ makes it popular among anti-aging products.[7] Dietary supplement companies have
aggressively marketed NMN products, claiming those benefits.[8] However, no human studies to date have properly proven its anti-aging effects with proposed health benefits only suggested through research done
in vitro or through
animal models.[9] Single-dose administration of up to 500 mg was shown safe in men in a study at
Keio University.[10] One 2021 clinical trial found that NMN improved muscular insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women,[11] while another found that it improved aerobic capacity in amateur runners.[12] A 2023 clinical trial showed that NMN improves performance on a six-minute walking test and a subjective general health assessment.[13]
NMN is vulnerable to extracellular degradation by
CD38 enzyme,[14] which can be inhibited by compounds such as
CD38-IN-78c.[15]
Dietary sources
NMN is found in fruits and vegetables such as
edamame,
broccoli,
cabbage,
cucumber and
avocado at a concentration of about 1 mg per 100g,[16][17][18] making these natural sources impractical to acquire the quantities needed to accomplish the dosing currently being investigated for NMN as a pharmaceutical.
Production
Production of nicotinamide mononucleotide has been redacted since the latter half of 2022 by the
FDA because it is under investigation as a pharmaceutical drug.[19][20]
Different expressions of NMN across human organs
The synthesizing enzymes and consumption enzymes of NMN also exhibit tissue specificity: NMN is widely distributed in tissues and organs throughout the body and has been present in various cells since embryonic development.[20]
Potential benefits and risks
NMN is a precursor for
NAD+ biosynthesis, and NMN dietary supplementation has been demonstrated to increase NAD+ concentration and thus has the potential to mitigate aging-related disorders such as
oxidative stress,
DNA damage,
neurodegeneration and
inflammatory responses.[21] The potential benefits and risks of NMN supplementation, as of 2023, are currently under investigation.[21]
Certain enzymes are sensitive to the intracellular NMN/
NAD+ ratio, such as
SARM1,[22] a protein responsible for initiating cellular degeneration pathways such as
MAP kinase and inducing
axonal loss and
neuronal death.[23][24]NMNAT is an enzyme with neurorescuing properties that functions to deplete NMN and produce NAD+, attenuating SARM1 activity and aiding neuronal survival in-vitro,[25][26] an effect that is reversed by applying exogenous NMN which promptly resumed axon destruction.[23] The similar molecule nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) opposes the activating effect of NMN on
SARM1, and is a neuroprotector.[27]