New College, Durham, or Durham College, was a university institution set up by
Oliver Cromwell, to provide an alternative to (and break the effective monopoly of) the older
University of Oxford and
University of Cambridge. It also had the aim of bringing university education to Northern England.
It was formed in 1653,[1][2] receiving its
letters patent – though not degree-awarding powers – in 1656, but after Cromwell's death in 1659 the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioned his son
Richard Cromwell against the new university, and the college ceased to exist with the
restoration of the monarchy in 1660.
On paper
Such a project had been discussed at least since the 1640s. In 1641 a petition had asked for a university in
Manchester or
York.[3] Later a scheme was promoted by
Samuel Hartlib amongst others. Cromwell himself was particularly interested in a new university at Durham which he viewed as important in order to help with the propagation of the gospel in those 'dark places' of the North.[4] The statutes drawn up in 1656 were worked over by
Ralph Cudworth,
John Crew, 1st Baron Crew,
Sir William Ellis and others appointed from March 1655,[5][6][7] and
Sir Charles Wolseley and George Griffith in 1656.[8][9]
It had an effective life of 1656 (when Cromwell and his Privy Council issued an order for the founding of the College) to 1659, being dissolved officially in 1660.[11] The Chapter of
Durham Cathedral had been dissolved in April 1649, leaving the cathedral, the cathedral close, and the former Bishop's palace of
Durham Castle vacant and available for the new institution.[12] Cromwell signed letters patent setting it up formally in May 1657;[13] and around this time
Paul Hobson acted as visitor.[14] Parliament allowed it to grant degrees in 1659.[15]
The personnel included
Philip Hunton appointed in 1657 as Master or Provost,[16] and
Israel Tonge as Fellow. The initial establishment was the Provost, two Senior Fellows, two Junior Fellows, and some other junior positions.[17]Richard Gilpin was appointed the Visitor.[18]Joseph Hill was an active supporter, and sought money to bring Hungarian students to Durham. Tonge looked to recruit both Hill and
John Peachell.[19] Hill's pupil
William Pell was appointed a tutor in 1656.[20]Georg Ritschel, then teaching in Newcastle, who was a
Comenian reformer in contact with the
Hartlib Circle, may have acted as a tutor in 1657.[21]
The letters patent had mentioned besides Hunton and Hill as a Senior Fellow or Preacher:
The College never scaled up to these intentions.[23][24]
Dissolution
A further petition was made to Cromwell in 1658 for degree-awarding powers, but nothing was done before he died in September 1658, and was succeeded by his son,
Richard Cromwell.
In 1659 the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioned
Richard Cromwell against the foundation of a third university, and especially against any grant of degree-awarding powers.[25] The college was also opposed by
George Fox and other Quakers as being an institute designed to prepare ministers. According to Fowler, "on April 22 [Richard Cromwell] directed that a grant which had been drawn up to make the College a University should not be sealed until further order".[26]
The restoration of the monarchy in 1660 saw the cathedral chapter re-established and Durham College closed. However, the cause of education was not wholly forgotten, for Bishop
John Cosin established
his library on
Palace Green a few years later, in 1669.[27][26][28][29]
Legacy
In the 1950s it was suggested that a college at Durham University might be named after Cromwell, in honour of his role as (according to
Christopher Hill) 'the man who created a University in Durham three hundred years earlier'. However this suggestion was met by 'astonishingly fierce opposition', affecting a compromise with the proposed college coming to be called
Grey College.[30]
^Joseph Thomas Fowler, Durham University; earlier foundations and present colleges (1904), p. 18; William Corker (d. 1702) was not Master of Trinity as the reference says.