American media company
ZeniMax Media Inc. is an American video game
holding company based in
Rockville, Maryland . The company was founded in 1999 by
Christopher Weaver and
Robert A. Altman as the
parent company for Weaver's video game publisher
Bethesda Softworks . The company additionally owns the development studios
Bethesda Game Studios (
The Elder Scrolls ,
Fallout , and
Starfield ),
id Software (
Doom ,
Quake , and
Rage ),
Arkane Studios (
Dishonored ,
Prey , and
Redfall ),
MachineGames (
Wolfenstein ), and
ZeniMax Online Studios (
The Elder Scrolls Online ).
Microsoft acquired ZeniMax Media for $8.1 billion in March 2021 and operates it under the
Microsoft Gaming division.
ZeniMax's old logo
Christopher Weaver , the founder of the video game publisher
Bethesda Softworks , and
Robert A. Altman , a lawyer, founded ZeniMax Media in 1999.
[3] The name is a
portmanteau of "zenith" and "maximum".
[4] The company was established to succeed Media Technology Limited as the
parent company of Bethesda Softworks. Weaver brought Altman onboard as the
chief executive officer , contributing his stock in Bethesda Softworks so that ZeniMax Media would be able to obtain funding. Weaver served as the
chief technology officer from 1999 to 2002, when he moved into a non-executive role. Later that year, he filed a lawsuit against ZeniMax, alleging
breach of contract and claiming he was owed US$1.2 million in severance pay.
[5]
[6] By February 2007, Weaver only held a 33% stake in the company,
[6] which by 2020 had been reduced to "a pittance of the stock".
[7]
Among the original board members were
Harry E. Sloan ,
[8]
Les Moonves ,
[9] and
Robert Trump .
[10] In 2000,
SBS Broadcasting Group , operated by Sloan, acquired a 12.5% stake in ZeniMax as part of a partnership between the two companies.
[8] Among the partnerships between the companies, ZeniMax's subsidiary e-Nexus Studios developed entertainment portals and websites for SBS.
[11]
[12] In the same year,
Terry McAuliffe ,
George Mitchell ,
Dean Devlin , and
Jon Feltheimer joined ZeniMax as advisors.
[13] The company acquired the
Fallout franchise from
Interplay Entertainment in 2004.
[14]
In August 2007, ZeniMax announced the formation of the studio
ZeniMax Online Studios , led by
Matt Firor .
[15] In October, after
ProSiebenSat.1 Media purchased SBS Broadcasting Group and inherited its stake in ZeniMax Media, now 9% of the shares, ProSiebenSat.1 Media announced it would intensify its relationship with ZeniMax. The company launched SevenGames.com, the international edition of its German-language game platform, in December and worked with ZeniMax to develop online games.
[16]
[17]
[18] In the same year,
Providence Equity Partners bought a 25% stake in ZeniMax for $300 million.
[19]
[20]
[21] ZeniMax had 200 employees in October 2007.
[22] It acquired the
Prey and
Rage franchise in 2009.
[23]
[24] After Providence Equity Partners invested another $150 million for an undisclosed stake in 2010,
[25]
[26] the company grew to 400 employees by January 2011.
[27] ZeniMax subsequently announced a partnership with the
University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts to support its Interactive Media Division with a comprehensive educational program of guest lectures and internships.
[28]
Litigation with Oculus VR (2014–2017)
In May 2014, ZeniMax sent a letter to
Facebook and its
Oculus VR subsidiary, asserting that any contributions
John Carmack made to the
Oculus Rift project were the intellectual property of ZeniMax, stating that "ZeniMax provided necessary VR technology and other valuable assistance to Palmer Luckey and other Oculus employees in 2012 and 2013 to make the Oculus Rift a viable VR product, superior to other VR market offerings." The company filed a lawsuit against Oculus VR later that month.
[29]
[30] In June, Oculus VR filed a response to the lawsuit, stating that ZeniMax was falsely claiming ownership to take advantage of its acquisition by Facebook. Oculus VR also claimed that the Oculus Rift did not share any code or technology with ZeniMax's.
[31]
[32] A jury ruled in favor of ZeniMax in February 2017. They found that, while Oculus VR had not misappropriated ZeniMax's trade secrets, it had violated ZeniMax's copyrights and trademarks in addition to a
non-disclosure agreement . ZeniMax was awarded $500 million.
[33]
[34] In the meantime, ProSiebenSat.1 Media had sold its stake in ZeniMax back to the company for €30 million.
[35]
[36]
Acquisition by Microsoft (2020–present)
In September 2020,
Microsoft announced it had entered into an agreement to acquire ZeniMax and its subsidiaries for $7.5 billion.
[37]
[38]
[39] For Providence Equity Partners, the deal represented a six-time return on investment.
[22] Altman had considered selling ZeniMax for several years and at one point was close to a deal with rival
Electronic Arts .
[40] Prior the deal's closure, he died on February 3, 2021, aged 73, at a Baltimore hospital.
[41] The
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the
European Commission greenlit the acquisition in March 2021.
[42]
[43] A preliminary injunction to block the acquisition was being sought in a
class-action lawsuit that ZeniMax faced over
Fallout 4 , with the plaintiffs arguing that Microsoft could shield ZeniMax's assets from damages should it be found liable after the acquisition.
[44] Microsoft announced the completion of the acquisition on March 9, 2021.
[45] The final cost of the transaction was $8.1 billion.
[46] ZeniMax's board of directors was consequently dissolved.
[47]
300
QA testers , a majority at
ZeniMax Studios voted to
unionize as ZeniMax Workers United-CWA in January 2023. This follows the
unionization efforts of QA testers at
Activision Blizzard which was also
acquired by Microsoft.
[48] In 2024, Microsoft signed a labor-neutrality agreement with
CWA union, agreeing not to interfere with unionization efforts in any ZeniMax Media subsidiaries.
[49]
In May 2024, Microsoft announced the impending closures of the ZeniMax studios
Arkane Austin ,
Alpha Dog Games , and
Tango Gameworks , as well as
Roundhouse Studios ' absorption into ZeniMax Online Studios.
[50] In July 2024, over 200 Bethesda Game Studios employees unionized with CWA. The wall-to-wall unit was recognized by Microsoft, and includes artists, engineers, programmers, and designers.
[51]
Arkane Studios in
Lyon , France; acquired in August 2010.
[52]
Bethesda Softworks in
Rockville, Maryland , US; acquired in 1999.
id Software in
Richardson, Texas , US; acquired in June 2009.
[56]
id Software Frankfurt in
Frankfurt , Germany; founded in 2015.
MachineGames in
Uppsala , Sweden; acquired in November 2010.
[57]
MachineGames Sundsvall in
Sundsvall , Sweden; founded in 2023.
ZeniMax Online Studios in
Hunt Valley, Maryland , US; founded in 2007.
ZeniMax Online Studios Hungary in
Budapest , Hungary; founded in 2004 as Nemesys Games, acquired in 2022.
[58]
Alpha Dog Games in
Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada; founded in 2012, acquired in October 2019, closed in 2024.
[59]
[60]
[61]
[62]
Arkane Studios Austin in
Austin, Texas , US; acquired in August 2010, closed in 2024.
e-Nexus Studios (later renamed ZeniMax Productions) in
Los Angeles , US; founded in August 1999, headed by former
The Simpsons co-creator
Sam Simon .
[63]
[64]
Mediatech West in
Olympia, Washington , US; founded by
Brent Erickson in
Utah in 1992 as
Flashpoint Productions and sold to Media Technology/Bethesda Softworks in 1995.
[65] Also referred to as Bethesda West.
[66]
Mud Duck Productions; founded in 2002, closed in 2007.
Roundhouse Studios in
Madison, Wisconsin , US; founded in November 2019, merged into ZeniMax Online Studios in 2024.
[58]
[62]
Tango Gameworks in
Tokyo , Japan; acquired in October 2010, closed in 2024.
[67]
[62]
Vir2L Studios in
Washington, D.C. , US; acquired in 1999, closed in 2010.
XL Translab in
Washington, D.C. , US; acquired in 1997 by and moved to Bethesda Softworks.
[68]
Visionary Design Technologies
[69]
[70]
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