The name "mirror syndrome" refers to the similarity between maternal edema and fetal hydrops. It was first described in 1892 by
John William Ballantyne.[2]
Signs and symptoms
Ballantyne syndrome has several characteristics: [citation needed]
The fetal symptoms are related to fluid retention, including
ascites and
polyhydramnios.[3]
Fetal hydrops suggests the presence of an important and probably fatal fetal
pathology.
Although the exact etiopathogenetic mechanism of Ballantyne syndrome remains unknown, several authors have reported raised
uric acid levels,
anemia, and low
hematocrit without
hemolysis.[1]
Differential diagnosis
The problem of distinguishing (or not) between Ballantyne syndrome and
preeclampsia is reflected in the diversity of
terminology used and in the debate that surrounds the subject. It seems much more likely that an etiology of severe fetal hydrops may cause Ballantyne syndrome when the fetal status greatly worsens and that the syndrome is only a manifestation of the extreme severity of the fetus-placental pathology.
Platelet count,
aspartate transaminase,
alanine transaminase, and
haptoglobin are usually unaffected and may be used to distinguish mirror syndrome from
HELLP syndrome.[8][10][11][12][13]
Treatment
In most cases, Ballantyne syndrome causes fetal or neonatal death. In contrast, maternal involvement is limited at the most to
preeclampsia. [medical citation needed]
References
^
abPaternoster DM, Manganelli F, Minucci D, Nanhornguè KN, Memmo A, Bertoldini M, Nicolini U (2006). "Ballantyne Syndrome: a Case Report". Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 21 (1): 92–5.
doi:
10.1159/000089056.
PMID16354984.
S2CID36608058.
^Vidaeff AC, Pschirrer ER, Mastrobattista JM, Gilstrap LC, Ramin SM (2002). "Mirror syndrome. A case report". The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 47 (9): 770–4.
PMID12380459.
^Chang YL, Chao AS, Hsu JJ, Chang SD, Soong YK (2007). "Selective fetocide reversed mirror syndrome in a dichorionic triplet pregnancy with severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome: a case report". Fetal Diagn. Ther. 22 (6): 428–30.
doi:
10.1159/000106348.
PMID17652930.
S2CID21536375.
^Carbillon L, Oury JF, Guerin JM, Azancot A, Blot P (1997). "Clinical biological features of Ballantyne syndrome and the role of placental hydrops". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 52 (5): 310–4.
doi:
10.1097/00006254-199705000-00023.
PMID9140132.
^Machado LE, Osborne NG, Bonilla-Musoles F (2002). "Two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound of fetal (baby) anasarca: the glass baby". Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 30 (1): 105–10.
doi:
10.1515/JPM.2002.013.
PMID11933650.
S2CID26606491.
^"Archived copy"(PDF). sogc.org. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2022.{{
cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link)
^Pirhonen JP, Hartgil TW (2004). "Spontaneous reversal of mirror syndrome in a twin pregnancy after a single fetal death". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 116 (1): 106–7.
doi:
10.1016/j.ejogrb.2003.12.011.
PMID15294378.
^Heyborne KD, Chism DM (2000). "Reversal of Ballantyne syndrome by selective second-trimester fetal termination. A case report". Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 45 (4): 360–2.
PMID10804498.
^Midgley DY, Harding K (2000). "The mirror syndrome". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 88 (2): 201–2.
doi:
10.1016/S0301-2115(99)00147-5.
PMID10690681.