Marc-Antoine Jullien, called Jullien fils (March 10, 1775 in
Paris – April 4, 1848 in Paris) was a French
revolutionary and man of letters.
Life
Son of
Marc Antoine Jullien, deputy from
Drôme in the
National Convention, he entered the
Collège de Navarre in 1785; his studies were interrupted by the beginning of the Revolution. Encouraged by his ardently patriotic mother, Rosalie Ducrolay, named "Madame Jullien", he attempted a career in journalism, in 1790 becoming a collaborator on the Journal du Soir. The following year, he became a member of the
Jacobin Club, in which he became an opponent of war.
In the spring of 1792, Jullien was sent to London by the
Marquis de Condorcet, at the time president of the comité diplomatique of the
Legislative Assembly. There he served as a student-diplomat, becoming an intermediary between the more liberal English factions and the
Girondists. Among those he met there were
Talleyrand and
Lord Stanhope. Returning to France that autumn, he was named aide-commissaire and then commissaire des guerres, of the army of the
Pyrenees, in January 1793. He was soon transferred to
Tarbes "due to age". He rejoined the army of the Pyrenees on April 16, entering Paris with them on August 4.
Jullien then became a protégé of
Robespierre, and was sent by the
Committee of Public Safety on a mission to several Atlantic ports, beginning on September 10, 1793. Charged with ensuring surveillance of the military situation and of
Jacobin propaganda, he attempted to gain for himself a rapport with public feeling. In
Nantes, on February 4, 1794, he wrote a letter to Robespierre in which he denounced
Carrier. At
Bordeaux, he stood in opposition to
Jean-Lambert Tallien and his mistress,
Thérésa Cabarrús. He left Bordeaux to return to Paris on April 24, 1794; there he was named to the Executive Committee on Public Instruction. On May 18, he returned to Bordeaux, to purify the municipality and the Jacobin Club and seek out secret Girondists among the deputies.
Jullien would likely have become a major player in the Revolution had it not been for the execution of Robespierre on
28 July 1794. Made destitute, he was arrested on August 10 and sent to prison; he would be held at the maison de santé of
Notre-Dame-des-Champs, Paris, and would testify at Carrier's trial. He disavowed his association with Robespierre and was released, through the intervention of his father, on October 14, 1795. Ten days later, the insurrection of
13 Vendémiaire was stopped.
Jullien next became one of the founders of the
Club du Panthéon, returning to journalism with the creation of L'Orateur plébéien, a democratic and moderate pamphlet, with
Ève Demaillot and
Jean-Jacques Leuliette. On March 13, 1796,
Merlin de Douai helped him enter the
Ministère de la Police, where he became responsible for lists of emigrants. He soon became suspected of
Babouvist sympathies, and was forced to hide after the discovery of the Conspiracy of Equals in May 1796; he reappeared in October of the same year.
Jullien next joined the
Army of Italy, becoming a writer for its mail service from August to November 1797. He then accompanied
Napoleon Bonaparte, in May 1798, on
his journey to Egypt. There he became ill, and returned to France. Becoming well, he entered the service of general
Championnet, becoming an adviser on December 28, 1798. Among the initiators of the
Neapolitan Republic, he became secretary general to Championnet's provisional government on January 26, 1799. He was quickly recalled by the
Directory, and was arrested on February 24. On March 12 he stood before a
military tribunal, but was freed by the
Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII on June 18.
In 1813. Jullien was jailed due to his opposition to the Empire. Freed during the
Bourbon Restoration, he published numerous opposition journals between 1815 and 1817, becoming known in the process as a pedagogue. He corresponded regularly with Pestalozzi, to whom he sent his first three sons, at Yverdon, and became a promoter of the
Monitorial System of education. In 1819 he founded Revue encyclopédique.[1]
In 1801 Jullien married Sophie-Juvence Nioche (died 1832); they had six children.
The eldest of the six, Pierre-Adolphe (born
Amiens, February 13, 1803 - died 1873) was a technician, later becoming engineer-in-chief of the
Corps of Bridges and Roads; in this capacity he oversaw construction of the Paris-
Lyon railroad.
Also among the six, their daughter Antoinette-Stéphanie married the dramatist
Lockroy and was the mother of
Édouard Lockroy.
Marc-Antoine Jullien aux représentans du peuple composant le Comité de Salut public: rapport de ma mission à Bordeaux : Paris, ce 24 thermidor an 9 second de la République française, 1794
Épître à Mr. Vandernat, ancien ministre de la République Batave, retiré dans une solitude philosophique auprès d'Arnhem, 1826
Notice biographique sur Marc-Antoine Jullien : précédée d'un coup d'œil sur la situation politique et les besoins de la France et suivie de documents inédits, de lettres et de pièces jutificatives, 1831, 73 p.
Lettre a la nation Anglaise, sur l'union des peuples et la civilisation comparée, sur l'instrument économique du tems, appelé biomètre, ou montre morale suivie de quelques poésies, et d'un discours en vers sur les principaux savans, littérateurs, poëtes et artistes, qu'a produits la Grande-Bretagne, 1833, 50 p.
Essai général d'éducation physique, morale et intellectuelle. Suivi d'un plan d'éducation pratique pour l'enfance, l'adolescence et la jeunesse, ou recherches sur les principes d'une éducation perfectionnée..., 1835, 494 p.
Exposé de la méthode d'éducation de Pestalozzi, telle qu'elle a été pratiquée sous sa direction pendant dix années de 1806 à 1816 dans l'institut d'Yverdun, en Suisse, 1842
Le congrès scientifique d'Italie: Réuni à Milan, le 12 September 1844, 1844
À l'Angleterre savante et littéraire..., 1845
Une mission en Vendée, 1793, notes [by M. A. Jullien] recueillies par É. Lockroy, 1893
François Wartelle, « Jullien Marc-Antoine, dit Jullien de Paris », in
Albert Soboul, Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française, Paris,
Presses universitaires de France, 1989 (rééd. Quadrige, 2005, p. 609-610)
Philippe Le Bas, France, dictionnaire encyclopédique, Paris, Firmin Didot frères, 1843, tome 9,
p. 757-758
Jean-Chrétien Ferdinand Hoefer, Nouvelle biographie générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours, Paris, Firmin Didot frères, 1858, tome 27,
p. 225-231
Marie-Claude Delieuvin, Marc-Antoine Jullien, de Paris, 1775-1848 : théoriser et organiser l'éducation, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2003, 380 pages
ISBN2-7475-5033-8
Eugenio Di Rienzo, Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris (1789–1848), una Biografia Politica, Éditions Guida, 1999, 346 pages
ISBN88-7188-399-3
Pierre Gascar, L'ombre de Robespierre : L'activité de Marc-Antoine Jullien pendant la Grande Terreur, Paris, Gallimard, 1979, 325 pages
ISBN2-07-028620-7
Helmut Goetz, Claude Cuénot, Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris, 1775-1848: l'évolution spirituelle d'un révolutionnaire. Contribution à l'histoire de précurseurs des organisations internationales du XX e siècle, Institut Pedagogique National, 1962, 267 p.
Marcel Postic, Carrier et la Terreur à Nantes, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2001, 302 pages
ISBN2-7475-0171-X
Pierre Serna, La république des girouettes (1789-1815 et au-delà), une anomalie politique de l'extrême centre, Paris, Champ Vallon, 2005, 570 pages, p. 276-284
ISBN2-87673-413-3
Notice biographique sur Marc Antoine Jullien, de Paris, précédée d'un coup d'œil sur la situation politique et les besoins de la France, et suivie de documents inédits, de lettres et de pièces justificatives, Paris, Sédillot, 1831, 73 p.
Procès-verbaux du Comité d'instruction publique de la Convention nationale, Imprimerie nationale, Paris, 1891–1958, 7 books in 8 volumes, book 4,
p. 210-214.