List of women who served in the Government of Ireland
Máire Geoghegan-Quinn , who in 1979 became the first woman in an Irish cabinet since 1921
The
Government of Ireland is the
cabinet that exercises executive authority in the
Republic of Ireland . Its ministers are collectively responsible for the Departments of State administered by the members of the Government.
[1]
As of 2021
[update] , twenty-two women have served as cabinet ministers in governments of the Republic of Ireland and its predecessors the
Irish Free State (1922–1937) and the
Irish Republic (1919–1922).
[2] After a 58-year gap between the first and second women ministers, there has been at least one woman in all cabinets since December 1982. No woman has ever been
Taoiseach (prime minister), but four women have served as
Tánaiste (deputy prime minister).
Other women
have served outside the cabinet as junior ministers , known until 1978 as
Parliamentary Secretaries , and since then as
Ministers of State .
[a] For example, five of the twenty
Ministers of State appointed by the government of
Micheál Martin in June 2020 were women, with two regularly attending cabinet.
The
32nd Government of Ireland was formed in June 2020 by Taoiseach Micheál Martin. As of 2022
[update] it includes four women as ministers in the cabinet:
Norma Foley ,
Heather Humphreys ,
Catherine Martin and
Helen McEntee .
[8] No more than four women have served in cabinet at any one time. Criticism of the imbalance is defended by pointing to male dominance of the
Oireachtas (parliament) from which ministers are appointed.
[9]
Constitution
The 1937
Constitution of Ireland requires the government to consist of between seven and fifteen members,
[10] including the
Taoiseach (prime minister). The Taoiseach is elected by
Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas),
[11] and chooses the other ministers
[11] including the
Tánaiste (deputy prime minister).
[12]
Mary Harney , the first woman
Tánaiste , and first woman to serve as an independent cabinet minister.
Since the formation of the
12th Government of Ireland in 1966,
[13] all Irish cabinets have been formed with the constitutional maximum of fifteen ministers. The total sometimes falls below this number for brief periods following the resignation of individual ministers or the withdrawal of a party from a coalition. For example, six ministers resigned in January 2011 from the
28th Government of Ireland , and were not replaced until March, when the
29th Government was formed after the
general election in February .
[14]
[15]
[16]
Only three ministerial offices are specifically identified in the constitution: Taoiseach, Tánaiste and
Minister for Finance .
[17] No woman has ever been appointed as Taoiseach
[18] or Minister for Finance.
[19] However, four women have served as Tánaiste. The first woman Tánaiste was
Mary Harney (1997–2006), who in 1993 had become the first woman to lead a political party in the Dáil. Harney was followed by
Mary Coughlan (2008–2011),
Joan Burton (2014–2016), and
Frances Fitzgerald (2016–2017).
Each minister must be a member of the
Oireachtas (the national parliament),
[17] whose eligibility criteria for membership are defined as being "without distinction of sex".
[21] Up to two members of the Government may be members of
Seanad Éireann , the
upper house of the Oireachtas,
[22] but the only three senators ever appointed as ministers were men. All women in Irish cabinets have been
Teachtaí Dála (TDs), i.e. members of Dáil Éireann.
History
Constance Markievicz , the first woman cabinet minister in Ireland
The first woman cabinet minister in Ireland was
Constance Markievicz , who in April 1919 became
Minister for Labour in the
Second Ministry of the revolutionary
First Dáil .
[25] She was only
[27] the second woman minister in the national government of any country, after
Alexandra Kollontai 's appointment in 1917 as
People's Commissar in the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic .
When the
Second Dáil assembled in August 1921, Markievicz continued as Minister for Labour,
[29] but her post was no longer at cabinet level in the
Government of the Second Dáil . Markievicz and other ministers opposed to the
Anglo-Irish Treaty resigned from the Government on 9 January 1922.
[29]
Only two women were returned to the
Third Dáil in the
general election in June 1922 , down from six at the
1921 election , when 4.7% of TDs were women. The 1920s and 1930s were a conservative period in Ireland, in which women's rights were reversed, and no women were members of the
Executive Council of the 1922–1937
Irish Free State . From the 1930s to the 1960s most women TDs were widows or other relatives of deceased TDs, and the 4.7% ratio achieved in 1921 was
not equalled again until the
1981 general election returned 11 women, who comprised 6.6% of the
22nd Dáil .
Niamh Bhreathnach , the first woman to be appointed as minister at the start of her first Dáil term
More than 58 years elapsed between Markievicz leaving office and the appointment in December 1979 of
Máire Geoghegan-Quinn as the second woman in cabinet. In 1977, Geoghegan-Quinn had become the first woman since Markievicz to serve as a junior minister in the Irish government, when
Jack Lynch appointed her as
Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Industry and Commerce .
[36] Two years later, aged 29, she was "flabbergasted"
[27] to become
Minister for the Gaeltacht in the first cabinet of Taoiseach
Charles Haughey .
[36]
Since then, the only all-male Irish government was the
March–December 1982 second government of Charles Haughey .
[37] All cabinets since December 1982 have included at least one woman. The first time two women served as ministers simultaneously was in January 1993, when Taoiseach
Albert Reynolds included both Máire Geoghegan-Quinn and
Niamh Bhreathnach in
his cabinet .
[38] Bhreathnach was the first woman to be appointed as minister at the start of her first Dáil term, and the only one until
Katherine Zappone became
Minister for Children and Youth Affairs in May 2016.
Political scientists Yvonne Galligan and Fiona Buckley note that women have been grossly under-represented in Irish politics, with men making up 91% of all cabinet appointments between 1919 and June 2017. They also found that women in the Irish cabinet are twice as likely to hold a social portfolio (48%) than an economic portfolio (24%). By contrast, only 17% of men held social portfolios, and 52% held an economic or foreign affairs portfolio.
All but two of the women who have served as ministers since 1919 are still alive. The first Irish woman minister, Constance Markievicz, died in 1927,
[40] and the third,
Eileen Desmond , died in 2005.
[41] Ireland's oldest living woman former minister is 87-year-old
[42]
Mary O'Rourke .
Calls for gender balance
Katherine Zappone , the first woman to be appointed to an Irish cabinet as an
independent politician
The highest number of women ever in an Irish cabinet is four, a number first reached in 2004–2007, and again in each cabinet from 2014 to the present. However, this amounts to only 27% of the 15 ministers, and has been criticised by the
National Women's Council of Ireland as "way off a gender-balanced Cabinet".
[43]
In 2014, then Taoiseach
Enda Kenny pledged that if re-elected he would appoint a cabinet "50:50 on merit, of men and women".
[44] When Kenny formed the
30th Government in May 2016 with four women ministers out of fifteen, he was criticised by women campaigners for the lack of increase.
[45] Minister
Regina Doherty defended Kenny, saying he had "probably done the best that he can do".
[43]
TheJournal.ie noted that the "proportion of senior ministers who are women is 27%, higher than the 22% of
TDs ".
[45] In June 2017, Kenny's successor
Leo Varadkar also appointed four women to
his cabinet . He too was criticised for not including more women,
[43] but replied that "your ministerial team generally reflects the composition of the Dáil".
[9] Varadkar promised "to make sure we have many more women in our next parliamentary party so that I can promote many more women".
[9]
In February 2018,
Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht
Josepha Madigan launched a programme of commemoration of the centenary of women's enfranchisement. The
Representation of the People Act 1918 gave limited voting rights for women. The right to stand for election was granted later in 1918, by the
Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act .
[46] Madigan said the Irish State "failed women for far too long,"
[48] and that it was time to "redouble our efforts" to provide equal opportunities.
[46] Former Tánaiste Joan Burton called for the next government to consist of an equal number of men and women.
[46]
List of women ministers
Numerical order represents the order of first appointment to the cabinet. Age represents age on appointment to that office.
#
Name
Portrait
Office
Party
Appointed
Left office
Age
Taoiseach
Gov't
1
Constance Markievicz
[40] (1868–1927)
Minister for Labour
[25]
Sinn Féin
1 April 1919
[25]
26 August 1921
[25]
51
Éamon de Valera
[b]
2nd DM
2
Máire Geoghegan-Quinn
[52] (born 1950)
Minister for the Gaeltacht
[36]
Fianna Fáil
11 December 1979
[36]
30 June 1981
[36]
29
Charles Haughey
16th
Minister for Tourism, Transport and Communications
[53]
11 February 1992
[53]
12 January 1993
[53]
42
Albert Reynolds
22nd
Minister for Justice
[38]
4 January 1993
[38]
15 December 1994
[38]
42
23rd
Minister for Equality and Law Reform
[38]
18 November 1994
[38]
15 December 1994
[38]
44
3
Eileen Desmond
[41] (1932–2005)
–
Minister for Health
[54]
Labour
30 June 1981
[54]
9 March 1982
[54]
48
Garret FitzGerald
17th
Minister for Social Welfare
[54]
4
Gemma Hussey
[55] (born 1938)
–
Minister for Education
[56]
Fine Gael
14 December 1982
[56]
14 February 1986
[56]
44
Garret FitzGerald
18th
Minister for Social Welfare
[56]
14 February 1986
[56]
10 March 1987
[56]
47
Minister for Labour
[56]
20 January 1987
[56]
10 March 1987
[56]
48
5
Mary O'Rourke
[42] (born 1937)
–
Minister for Education
[57]
[53]
Fianna Fáil
10 March 1987
[57]
[53]
11 November 1991
[57]
[53]
49
Charles Haughey
20th
21st
Minister for Health
[53]
11 November 1991
[53]
11 February 1992
[53]
54
Minister for Public Enterprise
[58]
26 June 1997
[58]
6 June 2002
[58]
60
Bertie Ahern
25th
6
Niamh Bhreathnach
[59] (1945–2023)
Minister for Education
[38]
Labour
12 January 1993
[38]
17 November 1994
[38]
47
Albert Reynolds
22rd
15 December 1994
[38]
26 June 1997
[38]
49
John Bruton
24th
7
Nora Owen
[60] (born 1945)
Minister for Justice
[38]
Fine Gael
15 December 1994
[38]
26 June 1997
49
8=
Mary Harney
[61] (born 1953)
Tánaiste
[58]
[62]
Progressive Democrats (until 2009)
[c]
26 June 1997
[58]
[62]
13 September 2006
[58]
[62]
44
Bertie Ahern
25th
26th
Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment
[58]
[62]
26 June 1997
[58]
[62]
13 September 2004
[58]
[62]
25th
26th
Minister for Health and Children
[62]
[15]
29 September 2004
[62]
[15]
19 January 2011
[62]
[15]
51
27th
Brian Cowen
28th
Independent (2009–2011)
[c]
8=
Síle de Valera
[64] (born 1954)
–
Minister for Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands
[58]
Fianna Fáil
26 June 1997
[58]
6 June 2002
[58]
42
Bertie Ahern
25th
10
Mary Coughlan
[65] (born 1965)
Minister for Social and Family Affairs
[62]
Fianna Fáil
17 June 2002
[62]
29 September 2004
[62]
37
Bertie Ahern
26th
Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
[62]
[15]
29 September 2004
[62]
[15]
7 May 2008
[62]
[15]
39
27th
Tánaiste
[15]
7 May 2008
[15]
9 March 2011
[15]
42
Brian Cowen
28th
Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment
[15]
7 May 2008
[15]
23 March 2010
[15]
42
Minister for Education and Skills
[15]
23 March 2010
[15]
9 March 2011
[15]
44
Minister for Health and Children
[15]
20 January 2011
[15]
9 March 2011
[15]
51
11
Mary Hanafin
[66] (born 1959)
Minister for Education and Science
[62]
[15]
Fianna Fáil
29 September 2004
[62]
[15]
7 May 2008
[62]
[15]
45
Bertie Ahern
26th
27th
Minister for Social and Family Affairs
[15]
7 May 2008
[15]
23 March 2010
[15]
48
Brian Cowen
28th
Minister for Tourism, Culture and Sport
[15]
23 March 2010
[15]
9 March 2011
[15]
50
Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Innovation
[15]
20 January 2011
[15]
9 March 2011
[15]
51
12=
Joan Burton
[67] (born 1949)
Minister for Social Protection
[68]
Labour
9 March 2011
[68]
6 May 2016
[68]
62
Enda Kenny
29th
Tánaiste
[68]
4 July 2014
[68]
6 May 2016
[68]
65
12=
Frances Fitzgerald
[69] (born 1950)
Minister for Children and Youth Affairs
[68]
Fine Gael
9 March 2011
[68]
7 May 2014
[68]
60
Enda Kenny
29th
Minister for Justice
[68]
8 May 2014
[68]
14 June 2017
63
30th
Tánaiste
6 May 2016
28 November 2017
65
Leo Varadkar
31st
Minister for Business, Enterprise and Innovation
14 June 2017
28 November 2017
66
14=
Jan O'Sullivan
[70] (born 1950)
Minister for Education and Skills
[68]
Labour
11 July 2014
[68]
6 May 2016
[68]
53
Enda Kenny
29th
14=
Heather Humphreys
[71] (born 1963)
Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht
[68]
Fine Gael
11 July 2014
[68]
6 May 2016
51
Enda Kenny
29th
Minister for Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs
6 May 2016
14 June 2017
52
30th
Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht
14 June 2017
30 November 2017
54
Leo Varadkar
31st
Minister for Business, Enterprise and Innovation
30 November 2017
27 June 2020
54
Minister for Rural and Community Development
27 June 2020
17 December 2022
57
Micheál Martin
32nd
Minister for Social Protection
Minister for Justice
27 April 2021
1 November 2021
58
Minister for Justice
25 November 2022
17 December 2022
59
Minister for Rural and Community Development
17 December 2022
Incumbent
59
Leo Varadkar
33rd
Minister for Social Protection
Simon Harris
34th
16=
Mary Mitchell O'Connor
[72] (born 1959)
Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation
Fine Gael
6 May 2016
14 June 2017
56
Enda Kenny
30th
16=
Katherine Zappone
[73] (born 1953)
Minister for Children and Youth Affairs
Independent
6 May 2016
27 June 2020
62
Enda Kenny
30th
Leo Varadkar
31st
18
Regina Doherty
[74] (born 1971)
Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection
Fine Gael
14 June 2017
27 June 2020
46
Leo Varadkar
31st
19
Josepha Madigan
[75] (born 1970)
[76]
[77]
Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht
Fine Gael
30 November 2017
27 June 2020
48
Leo Varadkar
31st
20=
Norma Foley
[78] (born 1970)
Minister for Education
Fianna Fáil
27 June 2020
17 December 2022
50
Micheál Martin
32nd
17 December 2022
Incumbent
53
Leo Varadkar
33rd
Simon Harris
34th
20=
Catherine Martin
[79] (born 1972)
Minister for Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media
Green
27 June 2020
17 December 2022
47
Micheál Martin
32nd
17 December 2022
Incumbent
50
Leo Varadkar
33rd
Simon Harris
34th
20=
Helen McEntee
[80] (born 1986)
Minister for Justice
Fine Gael
27 June 2020
27 April 2021
34
Micheál Martin
32nd
Minister without portfolio
27 April 2021
1 November 2021
Minister for Justice
1 November 2021
25 November 2022
35
Minister without portfolio
25 November 2022
1 June 2023
36
Leo Varadkar
33rd
Minister for Justice
1 June 2023
Incumbent
36
Leo Varadkar
33rd
Simon Harris
34th
Timeline
Number of women ministers in each Cabinet
Notes
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