The
Hubble Space Telescope
Comparison between many space telescopes by diameter
Overview of active and future telescopes (as of January 2021)
This list of space telescopes (
astronomical
space observatories ) is grouped by major
frequency ranges :
gamma ray ,
x-ray ,
ultraviolet ,
visible ,
infrared ,
microwave , and
radio . Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such as
cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect
gravitational waves , are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the
Solar System (e.g., the
Sun and its
planets ), are excluded; see
List of Solar System probes for these, and
List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting
Earth .
Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in
Earth orbit , the minimum and maximum
altitude are given in
kilometers . For telescopes in
solar orbit , the minimum distance (
periapsis ) and the maximum distance (
apoapsis ) between the telescope and the
center of mass of the Sun are given in
astronomical units (AU).
Gamma ray
Gamma-ray telescopes collect and measure individual, high energy
gamma rays from astrophysical sources. These are absorbed by the atmosphere, requiring that observations are done by
high-altitude balloons or space missions. Gamma rays can be generated by
supernovae ,
neutron stars ,
pulsars and
black holes .
Gamma ray bursts , with extremely high energies, have also been detected but have yet to be identified.
[1]
X-ray
X-ray telescopes measure high-energy
photons called
X-rays . These can not travel a long distance through the atmosphere, meaning that they can only be observed high in the atmosphere or in space. Several types of astrophysical objects emit X-rays, from
galaxy clusters , through
black holes in
active galactic nuclei to galactic objects such as
supernova remnants ,
stars , and
binary stars containing a
white dwarf (
cataclysmic variable stars ),
neutron star or
black hole (
X-ray binaries ). Some Solar System bodies emit X-rays, the most notable being the
Moon , although most of the X-ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X-rays. A combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observed
X-ray background .
Photo
Name
Space agency
Launch date
Terminated
Location
Ref(s)
Uhuru (Small Astronomy Satellite 1, SAS-A)
NASA
12 Dec 1970
Mar 1973
Earth orbit (531–572 km)
[33]
[34]
[35]
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS)
SRON
30 Aug 1974
Jun 1976
Earth orbit (266–1176 km)
[36]
[37]
Ariel V
SRC &
NASA
15 Oct 1974
14 Mar 1980
Earth orbit (520 km)
[38]
[39]
Aryabhata
ISRO
19 Apr 1975
23 Apr 1975
Earth orbit (563–619 km)
[40]
Small Astronomy Satellite 3 (SAS-C)
NASA
7 May 1975
Apr 1979
Earth orbit (509–516 km)
[41]
[42]
[43]
Cos-B
ESA
9 Aug 1975
25 Apr 1982
Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km)
[6]
[7]
[8]
Cosmic Radiation Satellite (CORSA)
ISAS
4 Feb 1976
4 Feb 1976
Failed launch
[44]
[45]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 (HEAO 1)
NASA
12 Aug 1977
9 Jan 1979
Earth orbit (445 km)
[46]
[47]
[48]
Einstein Observatory (
HEAO 2 )
NASA
13 Nov 1978
26 Apr 1981
Earth orbit (465–476 km)
[49]
[50]
Hakucho (CORSA-b)
ISAS
21 Feb 1979
16 Apr 1985
Earth orbit (421–433 km)
[51]
[52]
[53]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3)
NASA
20 Sep 1979
29 May 1981
Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km)
[9]
[10]
[11]
Tenma (Astro-B)
ISAS
20 Feb 1983
19 Jan 1989
Earth orbit (489–503 km)
[54]
[55]
[56]
Astron
IKI
23 Mar 1983
Jun 1989
Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km)
[57]
[58]
[59]
EXOSAT
ESA
26 May 1983
8 Apr 1986
Earth orbit (347–191,709 km)
[60]
[61]
[62]
Ginga (Astro-C)
ISAS
5 Feb 1987
1 Nov 1991
Earth orbit (517–708 km)
[63]
[64]
[65]
Granat
CNRS &
IKI
1 Dec 1989
25 May 1999
Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km)
[12]
[13]
[14]
ROSAT
NASA &
DLR
1 Jun 1990
12 Feb 1999
Re-entry 23 October 2011.
[66] Formerly Earth orbit (580 km)
[67]
[68]
[69]
Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1
NASA
2 Dec 1990
11 Dec 1990
Earth orbit (500 km)
[70]
[71]
Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA, Astro-D)
ISAS &
NASA
20 Feb 1993
2 Mar 2001
Earth orbit (523.6–615.3 km)
[72]
[73]
Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors (Alexis)
LANL
25 Apr 1993
2005
Earth orbit (749–844 km)
[74]
[75]
[76]
Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)
NASA
30 Dec 1995
3 Jan 2012
Earth orbit (409 km)
[77]
[78]
[79]
BeppoSAX
ASI
30 Apr 1996
30 Apr 2002
Earth orbit (575–594 km)
[80]
[81]
[82]
A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey (ABRIXAS)
DLR
28 Apr 1999
1 Jul 1999
Earth orbit (549–598 km)
[83]
[84]
[85]
Chandra X-ray Observatory
NASA
23 Jul 1999
—
Earth orbit (9,942–140,000 km)
[86]
[87]
XMM-Newton
ESA
10 Dec 1999
—
Earth orbit (7,365–114,000 km)
[88]
[89]
High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2)
NASA
9 Oct 2000
Mar 2008
Earth orbit (590–650 km)
[21]
[22]
[90]
International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL)
ESA
17 Oct 2002
—
Earth orbit (639–153,000 km)
[24]
[25]
Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory
NASA
20 Nov 2004
—
Earth orbit (585–604 km)
[26]
[27]
Suzaku (Astro-E2)
JAXA &
NASA
10 Jul 2005
2 Sep 2015
Earth orbit (550 km)
[91]
[92]
Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini Leggero (AGILE)
ISA
23 Apr 2007
18 Jan 2024
Earth orbit (524–553 km)
[28]
[29]
Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR)
NASA
13 Jun 2012
—
Earth orbit (603.5 km)
[93]
[94]
AstroSat
ISRO
28 Sep 2015
—
Earth orbit (600–650 km)
[95]
[96]
[97]
Hitomi (Astro-H)
JAXA
17 Feb 2016
28 Apr 2016
Earth orbit (575 km)
[98]
[99]
[100]
Mikhailo Lomonosov
Moscow State University
28 Apr 2016
30 Jun 2018
Earth orbit (478–493 km)
[101]
[102]
Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER)
NASA
7 Jun 2017
—
International Space Station
[103]
Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT)
CNSA &
CAS
14 Jun 2017
—
Low Earth orbit (545–554.1 km)
[104]
Spektr-RG
RSRI &
MPE
Jul 13, 2019
—
Sun-Earth L2
[105]
Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)
NASA
9 Dec 2021
—
Earth orbit (540 km)
[106]
[107]
Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA)
CSA
27 Jul 2022
—
Low Earth orbit
[108]
[109]
X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM)
JAXA &
NASA
7 Sep 2023
—
Earth orbit (550 km)
[110]
[111]
X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat)
ISRO &
RRI
1 Jan 2024
—
Earth orbit (638–653 km)
[112]
[113]
Einstein Probe
CAS &
ESA &
MPE
9 Jan 2024
—
Earth orbit (581–593 km)
[114]
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet telescopes make observations at
ultraviolet wavelengths, i.e. between approximately 10 and 320
nm . Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space.
[115] Objects emitting ultraviolet radiation include the
Sun , other
stars and
galaxies .
[116]
UV ranges listed at
Ultraviolet astronomy#Ultraviolet space telescopes .
Visible light
The oldest form of astronomy, optical or visible-light astronomy, observes wavelengths of light from approximately 400 to 700
nm .
[145] Positioning an optical telescope in space eliminates the distortions and limitations that hamper that ground-based optical telescopes (see
Astronomical seeing ), providing higher resolution images. Optical telescopes are used to look at
planets ,
stars ,
galaxies ,
planetary nebulae and
protoplanetary disks , amongst many other things.
[146]
Infrared and submillimetre
Infrared light is of lower energy than visible light, hence is emitted by sources that are either cooler, or moving away from the observer (in present context: Earth) at high speed. As such, the following can be viewed in the infrared: cool
stars (including
brown dwarves ),
nebulae , and
redshifted
galaxies .
[164]
Microwave
Microwave space telescopes have primarily been used to measure
cosmological parameters from the
Cosmic Microwave Background . They also measure
synchrotron radiation ,
free-free emission and
spinning dust from our
Galaxy , as well as extragalactic
compact sources and
galaxy clusters through the
Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect .
[194]
Radio
As the atmosphere is transparent for radio waves, radio telescopes in space are most useful for
Very Long Baseline Interferometry : doing simultaneous observations of a source with both a satellite and a ground-based telescope and by correlating their signals to simulate a radio telescope the size of the separation between the two telescopes. Typical targets for observations include
supernova remnants ,
masers ,
gravitational lenses , and
starburst galaxies .[
citation needed ]
Particle detection
Spacecraft and space-based modules that do particle detection, looking for
cosmic rays and
electrons . These can be emitted by the
sun (
Solar Energetic Particles ), our
galaxy (
Galactic cosmic rays ) and extragalactic sources (
Extragalactic cosmic rays ). There are also
Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from
active galactic nuclei , those can be detected by ground-based detectors via their
particle showers .
Gravitational waves
A type of telescope that detects
gravitational waves ; ripples in
space-time generated by colliding
neutron stars or
black holes .
To be launched
See also
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