From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The following is a list of people who were beheaded , arranged alphabetically by country or region and with date of
decapitation . Special sections on "Religious figures" and "Fictional characters" are also appended.
These individuals lost their heads intentionally (as a form of execution or posthumously). A list of people who were decapitated accidentally, including animal-related deaths, can be found at
List of people who were decapitated .
Salome and the Beheading of
St. John the Baptist , by
Titian
The Beheading of
Saint Paul . Painting by
Enrique Simonet in 1887
Austria
Azerbaijan
Brazil
Jordão da Silva Cantanhede (2013) – a Brazilian amateur
football referee,
[3] was
lynched , quartered, and beheaded by football spectators in
Pio XII, Maranhão , after he stabbed a player to death in a match he officiated on 30 June 2013. Spectators then put his head on a stake in the middle of the pitch. A viral video later surfaced of medical officials reassembling his body.
[4]
[5]
[6]
João Rodrigo Silva Santos (2013) – Brazilian football player, murdered and beheaded by suspected drug traffickers.
[7]
Canada
China
Mural depicting
Jing Ke 's assassination attempt on the
King of Qin ; the severed head of Huan Yi is in an open box at bottom.
Huan Yi (Fan Wuji) (桓齮, 227 BC) – traitorous
Qin general; his severed head was instrumental in
Jing Ke 's assassination attempt of the Qin king.
Han Xin (韓信, 196 BC) – executed by
Empress Lü
Wang Mang (王莽, 23 AD) – Founder of the
Xin dynasty ; posthumously beheaded after being killed by a rebel mob.
Guan Yu (關羽, 219) – executed during civil war by
Sun Quan
Guan Ping (關平, 219) – son of Guan Yu, executed during civil war by
Sun Quan
Yu Cong (于琮, 881) –
Tang official beheaded by agrarian rebel
Huang Chao
Li Yun (887) – decapitated by
Wang Chongrong
Zhu Mei (887) – decapitated by
Wang Xingyu
Chen Jingxuan (陳敬瑄, 893) – Tang general
Cui Zhaowei (崔昭緯, 896) – Tang official
Wen Tianxiang (文天祥, 1283) – scholar and general
Wang Zhi (王直, 1560) – pirate and smuggler executed by the Ming dynasty
Xia Wanchun (夏完淳, 1647) – poet, executed by Qing official
Hong Chengchou who betrayed Ming before
Ming Dynasty fell.
St Francis de Capillas (聖劉方濟, 1648) – beheaded at
Fogang, China
Adolf Schlagintweit (1857) – German botanist and explorer; executed by the ruler of
Kashgar
Lin Xu (林旭, 1898) and
Tan Sitong (譚嗣同, 1898) – executed with four others during the
Qing dynasty by
Empress Dowager Cixi
John and Betty Stam (1934) – American Christian missionaries executed by the
Chinese Red Army
Chile
Croatia
Execution of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan in
Wiener Neustadt .
Denmark
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Zaida Catalán (2017) – Swedish politician of Chilean descent, kidnapped and murdered in 2017
England
The heads of famous English traitors were customarily spiked on
London Bridge
Piers Gaveston at the feet of the Earl of Warwick, 1312
Execution of Hugh Despenser the younger, 1326
The execution of
Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset at Tewkesbury, 1471
Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria (1076) – executed at Winchester by order of
William I for taking part in the
Revolt of the Earls
Dafydd ap Gruffydd , Prince of Wales (1283) – hanged, drawn and quartered in Shrewsbury by
Edward I for treason
William Wallace (1305) – Scottish resistance fighter, hanged, drawn and quartered by
Edward I
Piers Gaveston (1312) – executed near Warwick by
Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster in the Baron's Revolt
Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster –
Lord High Steward (1322) – executed at
Pontefract Castle by
Edward II of England
Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel (1326) – executed at Hereford by
Queen Isabella , Regent for
Edward III
Hugh Despenser the Younger (1326) – hanged, drawn and quartered by order of
Queen Isabella
Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent –
Lord Wardens of the Cinque Ports (1330) – executed at Winchester by
Queen Isabella , Regent for
Edward III
Sir Robert Hales –
Lord High Treasurer (1381) – executed at
Tower Hill by rebels during the
Peasants' Revolt
Simon of Sudbury –
Lord Chancellor ,
Archbishop of Canterbury and
Bishop of London (1381) – executed at
Tower Hill by rebels during the
Peasants' Revolt
Richard Lyons – London merchant and financier (1381) – beheaded in London by rebels during the
Peasants' Revolt
Sir John Cavendish –
Chief Justice of the King's Bench ,
Chancellor of the
University of Cambridge (1381) – executed in Bury St Edmunds by rebels during the
Peasants' Revolt
Wat Tyler (1381) – beheaded in London by order of the Lord Mayor of London during the
Peasants' Revolt
John Ball (1381) – hanged, drawn and quartered at St Albans after the
Peasants Revolt
Sir Simon de Burley ,
KG (1388) – executed on Tower Hill by the
Merciless Parliament for supporting
Richard II of England
[16]
John de Beauchamp (1388) – executed on Tower Hill by the Merciless Parliament for supporting
Richard II of England
[16]
Sir John Emsley (1388) – executed on Tower Hill by the Merciless Parliament for supporting
Richard II of England
[16]
Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel ,
KG (1397) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Richard II of England
[16]
William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire ,
Sir John Bussy and
Sir Henry Green (1399) – executed in Bristol Castle by the Duke of Hereford (soon to be
Henry IV of England )
Ralph de Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley (1400) – executed at Cirencester during reign of
Henry IV for the
Epiphany Rising
Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester (1400) – executed at Bristol by order of
Henry IV for the
Epiphany Rising
John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter ,
KG –
Lord Great Chamberlain and
Justice of Chester (1400) – executed at Pleshey Castle, Essex by order of
Joan Fitzalan, Countess of Hereford , with the approval of her son-in-law
Henry IV , for the
Epiphany Rising
John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury ,
KG (1400) – executed at Cirencester during reign of
Henry IV for the
Epiphany Rising
Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey ,
KG –
Earl Marshal (1400) – executed at Cirencester during reign of
Henry IV for the
Epiphany Rising
Sir Benard Brocas (1400) – beheaded at Tyburn during reign of
Henry IV for the
Epiphany Rising
Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester (1403) – executed by order of
Henry IV (Hanged, drawn and quartered)
Sir David Walsh (1403) – executed by order of
Henry IV (Hanged, drawn and quartered)
Danney Parsons (1403) – executed by order of
Henry IV (Hanged, drawn and quartered)
Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk –
Earl Marshal (1405) – executed at York by order of
Henry IV for treason
[17]
Richard le Scrope , Archbishop of York (1405) – executed at York by order of
Henry IV for treason
[18]
Sir William de Plumpton (1405) – executed by order of
Henry IV for treason
Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (1415) – executed at Southampton by order of
Henry V of England for his involvement in the
Southampton Plot
Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham ,
KG (1415) – executed at Southampton by order of
Henry V of England for his involvement in the
Southampton Plot
William de la Pole (1450) – beheaded at sea, possibly by order of
Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele (1450) – beheaded in London by rebels led by
Jack Cade
James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (1459) – executed after
Battle of Blore Heath for being a Lancastrian
Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury ,
KG ,
PC –
Lord Chancellor (1460) – executed after the
Battle of Wakefield for being a Yorkist
Edmund, Earl of Rutland (1460) – executed by order of
Lord Clifford for being a Yorkist (stabbed to death during the Battle of Wakefield and later decapitated)
Thomas Thorpe ,
Speaker of the House of Commons (1461) – beheaded by a London mob
Sir Owen Tudor (1461) – executed after the
Battle of Mortimer's Cross for being a Lancastrian
Sir Thomas Kyriell (1461) – executed by order of
Margaret of Anjou after the
Second Battle of St Albans for being a Yorkist
William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville (1461) – executed by order of
Margaret of Anjou after the
Second Battle of St Albans for being a Yorkist
Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon (1461) – executed after the
Battle of Towton for being a Lancastrian
James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond – 1st Earl of Wiltshire (1461) – executed after the
Battle of Towton for being a Lancastrian
Lord Aubrey de Vere (1462) – son of
John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford (1462) – beheaded for treason at Tower Hill by order of
John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester
[16]
Thomas Tuddenham (1462) – beheaded for treason at Tower Hill by order of
John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester
John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford (1462) – beheaded for treason at Tower Hill by order of
John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester
Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset (1464) – beheaded after the
Battle of Hexham for being a Lancastrian
Robert Hungerford, 3rd Baron Hungerford (1464) – beheaded at Newcastle after the
Battle of Hexham for being a Lancastrian
Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros (1464) – beheaded at Newcastle after the
Battle of Hexham for being a Lancastrian
Sir Philip Wentworth (1464) – beheaded at Middleham after the
Battle of Hexham for being a Lancastrian
Sir
William Tailboys (1464) – executed after
Battle of Hexham for being a Lancastrian
Sir Touchus Winterton (1469) – executed at York by order of
Edward IV for being a Lancastrian
Sir Charles Winterton (1469) – brother of above – executed at York by order of
Edward IV for being a Lancastrian
Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers –
Lord High Treasurer and
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (1469) – executed by order of
Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick for being a Yorkist
Sir John Woodville (1469) – son of above – executed by order of
Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick for being a Yorkist
Sir Richard Smith (1469) – executed for treason at Salisbury for being a Lancastrian; brother of Sir Hugh Courtenay and the 14th and 15th Earls of Devon who were all executed for being Lancastrians (in 1471, 1461 and 1471 respectively)
William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1468 creation) (1469) – executed after
Battle of Edgecote Moor for being a Yorkist
Sir Richard Herbert (1469) – executed after
Battle of Edgecote Moor for being a Yorkist, also illegitimate son of the above
Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon (1469) – captured and executed in Bridgewater for being a Yorkist
Richard Welles, 7th Baron Welles (1470) – executed on battlefield of
Losecote by order of
Edward IV for being a Lancastrian
Sir Lawrence Davis (1470) – executed on battlefield of Losecote by order of
Edward IV for being a Lancastrian
Robert Welles, 8th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1470) – son of Richard Welles; executed after
Battle of Losecoat by order of
Edward IV for being a Lancastrian
John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester –
Lord High Treasurer (1470) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VI for being a Yorkist
[16]
Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset (1471) – beheaded after the
Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian
John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon (1471) – beheaded after the
Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian
Sir Hugh Courtenay (1471) – beheaded after the
Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian
Sir Gervase Clifton (1471) – beheaded after the
Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian
Ben Glover (1471) – beheaded after the
Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian
[19] (The eldest son of
Sir John Delves , who was killed in the battle.)
Sir Thomas Tresham – MP for Buckinghamshire, Huntingdonshire and Northamptonshire,
High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire ,
High Sheriff of Sussex ,
High Sheriff of Surrey ,
Comptroller of the Household ,
Speaker of the House of Commons (1471) – beheaded after the
Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian
Sir
John Langstrother – Grand Prior of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (1471) – beheaded after the
Battle of Tewkesbury for being a Lancastrian
Sir Thomas Neville, the Bastard of Fauconberg (1471) – executed at Middleham Castle or Southampton by order of
Edward IV for being a Lancastrian
[20]
Sir Thomas Vaughan (1483) – executed by order of
Richard III
William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings (1483) – executed near Tower Chapel by order of
Richard III
[16]
Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham –
Lord High Constable (1483) – beheaded at Shrewsbury by order of
Richard III
Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers –
Chief Butler of England (1483) – executed at
Pontefract Castle by order of
Richard III
Sir Richard Grey (1483) – executed at
Pontefract Castle by order of
Richard III
Sir
Thomas St. Leger (1483) – beheaded at Exeter for rebellion against his brother-in-law
Richard III
Sir
George Browne (1483) – beheaded at Tower Hill for rebellion against
Richard III
William Catesby (1485) – beheaded at Leicester by order of
Henry VII of England after the Battle of Bosworth for being a Yorkist
Sir William Stanley (1495) – executed at
Tower Hill by order of
Henry VII of England for supporting the pretender Perkin Warbeck
[16]
Simon Mountford (1495) – executed at
Tower Hill by order of
Henry VII of England for supporting the pretender Perkin Warbeck
James Tuchet, 7th Baron Audley (1497) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VII of England for opposing taxation
[16]
Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick –
Heir to the English Throne from 9 April 1484 – March 1485 (1499) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VII of England
[16]
Sir James Tyrrell (1502) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VII of England for treason
[16]
Sir Leon Taylor (1502) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VII of England for treason
[16]
Sir Edmund Dudley –
Speaker of the House of Commons (1510) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for extortion
[16]
Sir Richard Empson –
Speaker of the House of Commons ,
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1510) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for extortion
[16]
Sir Andrew Barton –
High Admiral of Scotland (1511) – executed on capture as a pirate, according to ballads.
Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (1513) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England as Yorkist claimant to throne
[16]
Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham ,
KG –
Lord High Steward and
Lord High Constable (1521) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England as claimant to throne
[16]
Sir Rhys ap Gruffydd (1531) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for conspiracy with Scotland
[16]
Saint John Fisher – Catholic Bishop of Rochester (1535) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for refusing to take
Oath of Supremacy
[16]
Robert Lawrence (1535) – hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn for refusing to take
Oath of Supremacy
Saint Thomas More – knight,
Lord Chancellor ,
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster ,
Speaker of the House of Commons (1535) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for refusing to take
Oath of Supremacy
[16]
Anne Boleyn – Queen of England and Henry's Wife (1536) – executed by sword at the
Tower of London by order of
Henry VIII of England for
High Treason
[16]
George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford (1536) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for
High Treason
[16]
Sir Henry Norris –
Groom of the Stool (1536) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for
High Treason
[16]
Sir William Brereton ,
KB –
Groom of the Privy Chamber (1536) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for
High Treason
[16]
Sir Francis Weston –
Gentleman of the Privy Chamber (1536) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for
High Treason
[16]
Mark Smeaton (1536) – executed at
Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for
High Treason
[16]
Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Darcy ,
KG (1537) – beheaded at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for being in the
Pilgrimage of Grace
[16]
John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford –
Chief Butler of England (1537) – beheaded at Lincoln by order of
Henry VIII of England for being in the
Pilgrimage of Grace
Adam Chen (1537) – hanged, drawn and quartered by order of
Henry VIII of England for being in
Bigod's Rebellion
Sir Colin Keast (1538) – beheaded at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for being in
Bigod's Rebellion
[16]
Henry Pole, 11th Baron Montacute (1539) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for being in
Exeter Conspiracy
[16]
Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter ,
KG ,
PC ,
Lord Warden of the Stannaries (1539) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for being in
Exeter Conspiracy
[16]
Sir Nicholas Carew ,
KG ,
PC –
Master of the Horse (1539) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for being in
Exeter Conspiracy
[16]
Sir Thomas Dingley (1539) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for being implicated in the
Pilgrimage of Grace
[16]
Blessed Sir Adrian Fortescue (1539) – executed by order of
Henry VIII of England for Catholicism
[16]
Richard Whiting, Abbot of Glastonbury (1539) – executed on Glastonbury Tor by order of Thomas Cromwell (hung, drawn and quartered)
Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1587
Raleigh just before being beheaded in 1618– an illustration from c. 1860
This contemporary German print depicts Charles I's decapitation in 1649.
Execution of
James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth by
Jack Ketch on Tower Hill, 15 July 1685 (O.S), in a popular print.
Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex ,
KG ,
PC –
Secretary of State ,
Master of the Rolls ,
Lord Privy Seal ,
Governor of the Isle of Wight ,
Justice in Eyre ,
Lord Great Chamberlain (1540) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for treason
[16]
Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford of Heytesbury (1540) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for
high treason and buggery
[21]
Leonard Grey, 1st Viscount Grane –
Lord Deputy of Ireland (1541) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Henry VIII of England for
High Treason after allowing the escape of his nephew
Gerald FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Kildare
[16]
Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury (1541) – executed at Tower Green by order of
Henry VIII of England for
high treason
[16]
Sir Thomas Culpepper (1541) – executed at Tyburn by order of
Henry VIII for
high treason (adultery with the queen)
Catherine Howard – Queen of England and Henry's Wife (1542) – executed at Tower Green by order of
Henry VIII of England for
High Treason
[16]
Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford – wife of executed
George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford and sister-in-law of
Anne Boleyn (1542) – executed at Tower Green by order of
Henry VIII of England for High Treason
[16]
Sir John Neville of Chevet (1546) – executed by order of
Henry VIII of England
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey ,
KG –
Earl Marshal (1547) – executed at Tower Hill during the reign of
Henry VIII of England for treason
[16]
Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley –
Master-General of the Ordnance ,
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports ,
Lord High Admiral , also was the husband of
Henry VIII sixth wife and widow
Catherine Parr and the brother of Henry's third wife
Jane Seymour (1549) – beheaded for treason at Tower Hill during the reign of
Edward VI of England
[16]
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset ,
KG ,
PC ,
Earl Marshal ,
Lord High Treasurer ,
Lord High Admiral ,
Lord Protector of England in the period between the death of
Henry VIII in 1547 and his own indictment in 1549 (1552) – executed at Tower Hill during the reign of
Edward VI of England for plotting murder of John Dudley
[16]
Sir Thomas Arundell of Lanherne –
Gentleman of the Privy Chamber (1552) – beheaded at Tower Hill during the reign of
Edward VI of England for treason
[16]
[22]
Sir Michael Stanhope –
Chief Gentleman of the Privy Chamber (1552) – beheaded at Tower Hill during the reign of
Edward VI of England for treason
[22]
John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland ,
KG – Vice-Admiral,
Lord Admiral , Governor of
Boulogne , President of the Council in the Marches,
Lord Great Chamberlain ,
Grand Master of the Royal Household ,
Earl Marshal of England ,
Lord President of the Council , Warden General of the Scottish Marches (1553) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Mary I for supporting Lady Jane Grey
[16]
Sir John Gates
KB (1553) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Mary I for supporting Lady Jane Grey
[23]
Sir Thomas Palmer (1553) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Mary I for supporting Lady Jane Grey
[16]
Lady Jane Grey –
Queen of England 10–19 July 1553 and
Heir to the English and Irish Thrones 21 June – 10 July 1553 (1554) – executed at Tower Green by Mary I as claimant to throne
[16]
Lord Guilford Dudley – son of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland and
Royal Consort of England 10–19 July 1553 (1554) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Mary I for supporting Lady Jane Grey
[16]
Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk ,
KG – father of the above,
Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire ,
Justice in Eyre (1554) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Mary I for rebellion
[16]
Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger (1554) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Mary I for rebellion
[16]
Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk ,
KG –
Earl Marshal (1572) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Elizabeth I of England for
Ridolfi plot
[16]
Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland (1572) – executed at York during the reign of
Elizabeth I of England for taking part in the
Rising of the North
Sir Thomas Doughty (1578) – executed by order of
Sir Francis Drake
Edward Arden (1583) – executed at
Tyburn during the reign of
Elizabeth I of England for
high treason (hanged, drawn and quartered)
Sir Francis Throckmorton (1584) – executed during the reign of
Elizabeth I of England
Mary, Queen of Scots –
Queen of Scots and
Queen consort of France (1587) – Executed during the reign of
Elizabeth I of England for treason
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex ,
KG –
Master of the Horse ,
Earl Marshal ,
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland ,
Custos Rotulorum of Pembrokeshire ,
Custos Rotulorum of Staffordshire ,
Master-General of the Ordnance (1601) – executed at Tower Hill during the reign of
Elizabeth I of England for
High Treason
[16]
Sir Christopher Blount (1601) – executed at Tower Hill during the reign of
Elizabeth I of England for
High Treason
[16]
Sir Charles Danvers (1601) – executed at Tower Hill during the reign of
Elizabeth I of England for
High Treason
[24]
Sir Walter Raleigh –
Lord Warden of the Stannaries ,
Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall ,
Vice-Admiral of Devon ,
Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard ,
Governor of Jersey (1618) – executed in the
Old Palace Yard , Westminster by orders of James VI
Mervyn Touchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven – executed at Tower Hill for aiding buggery (1631)
[16]
Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford ,
KG –
Custos Rotulorum of the West Riding of Yorkshire ,
Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire ,
Lord Deputy of Ireland ,
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1641) – executed at Tower Hill on orders of
Parliament
[16]
Sir Alexander Carew, 2nd Baronet (1644) – executed at Tower Hill for treason on orders of
Parliament
[25]
Archbishop
William Laud –
Archbishop of Canterbury (1645) – executed at Tower Hill on orders of Parliament
[16]
Sir John Hotham the Younger (1645) – executed at Tower Hill on orders of Parliament for betraying the parliamentarians to the Royalists
[16]
Sir John Hotham, 1st Baronet the Elder , of Scarborough (1645) – father of above – executed for betraying the parliamentarians to the Royalists
[16]
Charles I of England and Scotland (1649) – executed in Whitehall, London by order of Cromwell's Parliament
James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton ,
KG –
Master of the Horse ,
Lord Chancellor of Scotland (1649) – executed by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist
Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham (1649) – executed by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist
Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland ,
KG –
Master of the Horse ,
Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard ,
Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire ,
Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex ,
Justice in Eyre (1649) – executed in London by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist
Sir Henry Hyde (1650) – beheaded in London by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist
Eusebius Andrews (1650) – beheaded on Tower Hill for treason as a Royalist.
James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby ,
KG –
Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire ,
Lancashire ,
Vice-Admiral of Cheshire (1651) – executed at Bolton by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist
John Gerard (1654) – beheaded on Tower Hill for plotting against
Oliver Cromwell
Sir John Penruddock (1655) – executed at Exeter by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist
Sir Henry Slingsby, 1st Baronet (1658) – beheaded on Tower Hill, London by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist
[16]
Reverend Dr. John Huett (1658) – beheaded on Tower Hill, London by order of Cromwell's Parliament for being a Royalist
[16]
Gregory Clement (1660) (MP) – hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross by
Charles II as a regicide
[26]
Oliver Cromwell (1661) – posthumously beheaded at Tyburn by order of
Charles II as a regicide.
Henry Ireton (1661) – posthumously beheaded at Tyburn by order of
Charles II as a regicide.
John Bradshaw (1661) – posthumously beheaded at Tyburn by order of
Charles II as a regicide.
Sir Henry Vane the Younger (1662) – executed at Tower Hill by order of
Charles II for the death of his father Charles I
[16]
John Twyn (1663) – hanged, drawn, quartered and beheaded (and head displayed on a Ludgate spike) for publishing an anonymous pamphlet justifying the right of rebellion against the king
William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford (1680) – executed at Tower Hill for
treason
[16]
Saint Oliver Plunkett (1681) – hanged, drawn and quartered in London for treason
William Russell, Lord Russell –
Member of Parliament for
Tavistock and
Tavistock (1683) – executed for being involved with the
Rye House Plot
Algernon Sidney (1683) – executed at Tower Hill for being involved with the
Rye House Plot
[16]
Sir Thomas Armstrong –
Member of Parliament for
Stafford (1684) – executed by order of
Judge Jeffreys for supporting Monmouth
James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth (1685) – executed at Tower Hill in reign of
James II after the
Battle of Sedgemoor for treason
[16]
Lady
Alice Lisle (1685) – executed at Winchester by Judge Jeffreys during the
Bloody Assizes for harbouring Monmouth rebels
Sir John Fenwick (1697) – Jacobite Rebel executed at Tower Hill in reign of
William III for treason
[16]
European New World colonies
For beheadings after the respective dates of independence, see the respective country headings.
Blackbeard's severed head hanging from
Maynard 's bowsprit
Execution of Diego de Almagro
Joaquim José da Silva Xavier (
Tiradentes ) (1792) – the body was quartered after his hanging for revolutionary activity
Finland
France
Note: some estimates place the number of persons executed by the guillotine, particularly during the
Reign of Terror (1793–1794), at 40,000.
Execution of Marie Antoinette, 1793
Execution of
Jacques Pierre Brissot , 1793
The execution of
Robespierre
The execution of
Robespierre , 1794
(after Reign of Terror)
Restoration
Prado (1888) – Guillotined at
La Rocquette, Paris for murder
François Claudius Koenigstein, known as
Ravachol (1892) – guillotined for murder and anarchy
Sante Geronimo Caserio (1894) – executed for assassination of president
Marie François Sadi Carnot
Téophile Deroo, the "Pollet Band" (1909) – guillotined in
Béthune (
Nord-Pas-de-Calais ), by Anatole Deibler, for a series of murders
Canut Vromant, the "Pollet Band" (1909) – guillotined in Béthune (Nord-Pas-de-Calais), by Anatole Deibler, for a series of murders
Auguste Pollet, the "Pollet Band" (1909) – guillotined in Béthune (Nord-Pas-de-Calais), by Anatole Deibler, for a series of murders
Abel Pollet, the "Pollet Band" (1909) – guillotined in Béthune (Nord-Pas-de-Calais), by Anatole Deibler, for a series of murders
Henri Landru (1922) – executed for serial murder
Paul Gorguloff (1932) – executed in Paris for assassination of President
Paul Doumer
Eugen Weidmann (1939) – executed for murder; last public execution by guillotine in France
Jacques Fesch (1957) – executed in Paris for killing a policeman
Christian Ranucci (1976) – guillotined in
Marseille for murder
Jérôme Carrein (1977) – guillotined in
Douai for murder
Hamida Djandoubi (1977) – guillotined in Marseille for murder – last execution in France, last execution in Western world to be carried out by beheading, and last execution by guillotine anywhere in the world
Hervé Cornara (2015) – murder linked to terrorism in
Lyon by Yassin Salhi in the
Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack
Samuel Paty (2020) – teacher decapitated after he was falsely accused of showing a
Charlie Hebdo caricature of
Muhammad during a lesson.
[31]
Georgia
Germany
Pre-20th century
Execution of Johann Wittenborg, 1363
Execution of Pirates in Hamburg, 1573
Rupert Fischer (1924) – Murderer; first to be guillotined by
Johann Reichhart who executed 3165 condemned
[32]
Fritz Haarmann (1925) – The Butcher (or Vampire) of Hanover; guillotined in
Hanover for murder
Peter Kürten (1931) – The Vampire of Düsseldorf; guillotined in Cologne for murder
Great Britain
Execution of Lord Lovat, 1747
Jeremiah Brandreth's head, 1817
William Gordon, 6th Viscount of Kenmure (1716) – executed at Tower Hill as a
Jacobite Rebel
[16]
James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater (1716) – executed at Tower Hill as a Jacobite Rebel
[16]
Arthur Elphinstone, 6th Lord Balmerinoch (1746) – beheaded at Tower Hill as a Jacobite supporter of
Prince Charles Edward Stuart , he was taken prisoner at
Culloden
[16]
William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock (1746) – beheaded at Tower Hill as a Jacobite supporter of
Prince Charles Edward Stuart , he was taken prisoner at
Culloden
[16]
Charles Radclyffe , titular 5th Earl of Derwentwater (1746) – executed at Tower Hill as a Jacobite Rebel
[16]
Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat (1747) – executed at Tower Hill as a prominent veteran Jacobite supporter of Prince
Charles Edward Stuart . Although too old to participate in the
1745 Rising , he was chosen by the British Crown for execution in lieu of his youthful son, who had actually led
Clan Fraser for the Jacobite cause
[16]
Jeremiah Brandreth (1817) – hanged and beheaded in
Derby for treason; followed by William Turner and Issac Ludlam, the last British decapitations by axe
Arthur Thistlewood and the four other
Cato Street Conspirators (1820) – hanged and beheaded outside
Newgate Prison for treason. A surgical knife was used to remove the heads.
James Wilson ,
Andrew Hardie , and
John Baird (1820) were hanged and beheaded for treason for their involvement in the
Radical War . A hatchet was used to perform the decapitation. These were the last three people to be hanged and beheaded in the United Kingdom.
Jolanta Bledaite (2008) – Lithuanian immigrant, tortured and killed in Scotland
[33]
Gerald Mellin (2008) – tied a rope around his neck and connected it to a tree before driving away in his sports car to commit suicide.
[34]
David Phyall (2008) – see
List of unusual deaths
Lee Rigby (2013) – decapitated by Islamists who ran him over with a car before decapitating him.
David Cawthorne Haines (2014) – decapitated in the
Syro-Arabian desert by the
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant .
Hungary
India
Iraq
Ancient Mesopotamia
Umayyad era
Abbasid era
Al-Walid ibn Tarif al-Shaybani , was a Kharijite rebel leader. In 794, he launched a rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate, but was defeated, killed, and beheaded in 795.
Ja'far al-Barmaki (803) – Vizier executed on the orders Caliph
Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809).
Al-Amin , the sixth Abbasid Caliph (813) – beheaded on 27 September 813 during the conflict.
Al-Musta'in , the twelfth Abbasid caliph (866) – beheaded on the orders of his cousin
al-Mu'tazz .
Modern
Iceland
Iran
Execution of Buqa
Buqa (1289) – Grand Vizier. Executed for treason.
Ireland
Israel
Death of
Raynald of Châtillon
Italy
The Execution of Marino Faliero ,
Eugène Delacroix , 1827.
Ancient Rome
Lucius Appuleius Saturninus (100 BC) – radical
tribune ;
Gaius Rabirius toyed with his severed head at a dinner party
Marcus Antonius (87 BC) – grandfather of
Marc Antony
Marcus Marius Gratidianus (82 BC) –
praetor whose head was paraded through Rome after execution
Gaius Marcius Censorinus (Marian) (82 BC) – beheaded by
Sulla , his head was sent to
Preneste to lower
Gaius Marius the Younger 's troop's morale
Marcus Licinius Crassus (53 BC) – general, politician and richest man then in the world – beheaded posthumously after his defeat in
Parthia
Publius Licinius Crassus (53 BC) – son of Marcus Licinius Crassus – beheaded posthumously in Parthia
Pompey the Great (48 BC) – general, politician and member of the
First Triumvirate – assassinated and beheaded posthumously in Egypt
Gnaeus Pompeius (45 BC) – Pompey's son – executed for treason by
Julius Caesar
Titus Labienus (45 BC) – general, politician and one of
Julius Caesar 's foremost subordinates – Killed and beheaded posthumously at the
Battle of Munda
Gaius Trebonius (43 BC) – politician and general, tortured and beheaded by
Publius Cornelius Dolabella ; his head was kicked around like a football by Dolabella's soldiers
Cicero (43 BC) – politician, lawyer and Rome's greatest orator – executed by order of Marc Anthony
Marcus Antonius Antyllus (30 BC) – son of Marc Antony – executed by Octavian
Claudia Octavia (62) – first wife of Emperor
Nero , by whom she was divorced, banished, and executed – beheaded posthumously
Galba (69) – assassinated Roman emperor
Pope Sixtus II (258) – Christian Martyr executed during the persecution of Christians ordered by Emperor
Valerian
Stilicho (408) – executed in coup d'état after Gothic invasion
Anthemius (472) – Emperor, assassinated by
Ricimer
Medieval Italy
Later Italy
Giovanni Battista Bugatti , executioner of the Papal States between 1796 and 1865, carried out 516 executions
Japan
Head of Kim Okgyun, 1894
Home islands
Sergeant Siffleet's execution at Aitape, 1943
Japanese-occupied territories (20th century)
Modern Japan
Jordan
Korea
Libya
21 Coptic Egyptians (2015) – On February 15, 2015, 21 kidnapped
Coptic Egyptian Christians were beheaded by
ISIS Militants on a beach in
Tripolitania ,
Libya . One of ISIS's media wings,
Al-Hayat Media Center released a five-minute video of the beheadings, titled "a message signed with blood to
the nation of the cross ".
[40]
30 Ethiopian Christians (2015) – On April 19, 2015, 30 kidnapped
Ethiopian Christians in two groups were killed by ISIS. Half of them were beheaded on a beach in
Cyrenaica and the other half in a desert in
Fezzan , were fatally shot by
AK's , the Christian killed by the ISIS member giving the speech was shot with a
pistol . One of ISIS's media wings, Al-Furqan Media released a thirty-minute propaganda video including the killings, titled "until there came to them clear evidence".
[41]
Netherlands/Belgium
Beheading of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
Norway
Pakistan
Raja Dahir (712) – executed on command of
Muhammad bin Qasim after Dahir's empire was defeated.
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
Syed Ahmad Barelvi (1831) – Sufi mujahideen who was beheaded by the Indian army in the Battle of Balakot
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Daniel Pearl (2002) – American journalist killed by
al-Qaeda .
Piotr Stańczak (2009) – Polish engineer beheaded in Pakistan by
Radical Islamic terrorists
Philippines
The following were all executed by ISIL-inspired terrorist group
Abu Sayyaf .
Bernard Then (2015)
[42] – Malaysian man who was kidnapped from a restaurant in
Sandakan , Malaysia, brought over to
Parang, Sulu , and beheaded after ransom demands were not met
Robert Hall (2016) – Canadian welder held for ransom, after the resort he was staying at was raided by Abu Sayyaf militants. They demanded 300 million
pesos (around $6.5 million) for his release, and when the demand was not met, Hall was beheaded nine months later in
Patikul, Sulu
John Ridsdel (2016) – Canadian businessman, also held for ransom at the same resort as Robert Hall. Ridsdel was beheaded on 25 April 2016, nine months after being held hostage
Jürgen Kantner (2017) – German sailor ambushed and held for ransom, while out sailing with his wife, who was shot and killed. Abu Sayyaf militants demanded 30 million pesos ($600,000), and when the demand was not met, Kantner was beheaded
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Scotland
The Scottish Maiden on display at the
Museum of Scotland ,
Edinburgh
Donnchadh, Earl of Lennox (1425) – executed by orders of
James I of Scotland
Lord Walter Stewart and Lord Alexander Sewart (1425) – executed by orders of
James I of Scotland
Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany (1425) – executed by order of
James I of Scotland
Walter Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl (1437) – executed for his part in the murder of
James I of Scotland
William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas (1440) – executed at
Edinburgh Castle on trumped-up charges in front of
James II of Scotland
Lord David Douglas (1440) – executed at Edinburgh Castle on trumped-up charges in front of
James II of Scotland
Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde (1455) – executed on the orders of
James II of Scotland
John Douglas, Lord of Balvenie (1463) – executed on the orders of
James III of Scotland
Sir James Hamilton of Finnart –
Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland (1540) – executed by order of
James V of Scotland
James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton (1581) – executed on the
Scottish maiden for complicity in murder of
Lord Darnley
William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie (1584) – executed by order of
James VI of Scotland
John Maxwell, 9th Lord Maxwell (1613) – beheaded in Edinburgh for carrying out a revenge killing
Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney (1615) – executed by order of
James VI of Scotland
Sir John Gordon, 1st Baronet, of Haddo (1644) – executed on the
Scottish maiden by the
Covenanters for treason as a Royalist
Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll (1661) – executed by order of
Charles II of Scotland on the
Scottish maiden for treason
Mrs Hamilton (1679) – beheaded for the murder of James Baillie, 2nd Lord Forrester
[43]
Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll (1685) – son of above; executed by order of
James VII of Scotland on the
Scottish maiden for treason
Godfrey McCulloch (1697) – executed on the
Scottish maiden for murder; last man to be executed by the maiden
Serbia
Spain
Eulogius of Cordova (859) – executed by Muslim rulers of
Córdoba for blasphemy
Lope Fortuñónez de Albero (1135) – executed by King of Aragon,
Ramiro II , for treason
[45]
[46] [
circular reference ]
Fortún Galíndez de Huesca (1135) – executed by King of Aragon, Ramiro II, for treason
[45]
[46]
Martín Galíndez de Ayerbe (1135) – executed by King of Aragon, Ramiro II, for treason
[45]
[46]
Bertrán de Ejea (1135) – executed by King of Aragon, Ramiro II, for treason
[45]
[46]
Miguel de Rada de Perarrúa (1135) – executed by King of Aragon, Ramiro II, for treason
[45]
[46]
Íñigo López de Naval (1135) – executed by King of Aragon, Ramiro II, for treason
[45]
[46]
Cecodín de Ruesta (1135) – executed by King of Aragon, Ramiro II, for treason
[45]
[46]
Muhammed VI (1362) – beheaded by
Peter I of Castille with restored
Muhammad V as Sultan of Granada.
Juan Bravo (1521) – executed in
Villalar de los Comuneros ,
Valladolid
Juan de Padilla (1521) – executed in Villalar de los Comuneros, Valladolid
Francisco Maldonado (1521) – executed in Villalar de los Comuneros, Valladolid
Antonio Osorio de Acuña (1526) – executed in
Simancas for supporting the
Comunero Revolt
Juan de Lanuza y Urrea (1591) – "Justicia de Aragón", beheaded by personal order of
Felipe II on 20 December 1591, 89 days after swearing in his appointment.
[47]
Rodrigo Calderon (1621) – executed in
Madrid
Eduardo Montori Sanz (1996) – beheaded in
Ejea de los Caballeros
[48]
Jennifer Mills-Westley (2011) – beheaded in a supermarket in
Los Cristianos ,
Tenerife .
[49]
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Execution of Anna Månsdotter. The
executioner
Dalman stands to the far left, hiding his axe behind his back.
Syria
Switzerland
Execution of Greifensee garrison
Turkey
Byzantine era
Ottoman era
United States
Henry Laurens (1792) – decapitated posthumously in accordance with his wishes and then burned on a funeral pyre by his son and slaves.
Isaac N. Ebey (1857) –
Washington state pioneer murdered by
Haida Indians.
Pearl Bryan (1896) – murdered in
Fort Thomas ,
Kentucky .
Captain Harry Miller (1936) – beheaded after murder near
New Trenton, Indiana , "Head and Hands" murder.
[52]
Sixteen victims of
Jeffrey Dahmer (1978–1991).
Christa Hoyt (1990) – decapitated by serial killer
Danny Rolling .
Frank Griga and Krisztina Furton (1995) – decapitated and dismembered by Daniel Lugo and Adrian Doorbal members of the infamous
Sun Gym gang in Miami.
[53]
Yang Xin (2009) – decapitated at
Virginia Tech by Zhu Haiyang.
[54]
Aasiya Zubair (2009) – decapitated in
New York by murderer/husband
Muzzammil Hassan .
Hanny Tawadros and Amgad Konds (2013) – decapitated posthumously, allegedly by murderer Yusef Ibrahim.
[55]
Colleen Hufford (2014) – 54-year-old woman was decapitated in
Oklahoma by a 30-year-old pro-Jihad, Islamist, Jah'Keem Yisrael, formerly Alton Alexander Nolen.
Lee Manuel Viloria-Paulino (2016) – missing youth who was found to have been decapitated by a classmate.
[56]
Luis Romero (2019) – decapitated by his cellmate, Jamie Osuna, at
Corcoran State Prison in
California .
[57]
Jennifer Schlecht (2019) – decapitated by her husband Yonathan Tedla in their Harlem flat, he then killed their daughter and hanged himself on a fan. Tedla had put Jennifer Schlecht's head in her own lap.
[58]
Cecilia Gibson (2020) – 79-year-old Cecilia Gibson, step-grandmother of her killer, Kenny W. McBride, 45, was bludgeoned in head while in house, then McBride decapitated and placed Ms. Gibson's head in their backyard. Kenny W. McBride was arrested at time of reporting after body was dead for two days. McBride's father had married and his new wife's mother, Cecilia Gibson, all lived in the same residence in
Bedford, Michigan where the crime occurred.
[59]
America Thayer (2021) – Beheaded with a machete after an argument with her boyfriend.
[60]
Shad Thyrion (2022) – Shad Thyrion's mother found his severed head in a bucket in the basement of their home in
Green Bay, Wisconsin . Taylor Schabusiness, who had a sexual relationship with Thyrion, beheaded him after killing him.
[61]
Karina Castro (2022) – Rafa Solano decapitated Castro, his ex-girlfriend, on a street with a samurai sword in
San Carlos, California .
[62]
Vietnam
Execution of Pierre Dumoulin-Borie
Wales
Religious figures
The Bible
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
Goliath – after he was killed by
David , this example illustrates the aforementioned post-mortem decapitation
Saul – after he fell on his sword at the Battle of
Mount Gilboa (
1 Samuel 31:3–6 ); the Philistines cut off his head and fastened his body to the wall of Beth-shan.
[63]
Apocrypha
Judith Beheading Holofernes (Caravaggio)
New Testament
The Executioner with the Head of John the Baptist (William Dobson)
Catholic saints
The martyrdom of St Barbara
The martyrdom of Saints Cosmas and Damian by Fra Angelico (Musée du Louvre, Paris)
The martyrdom of St Nicasius
Saint Acisclus – according to local tradition
Saint Agnes – according to legend mentioned by the fourth century Saint
Ambrose
Saint Alban (around 304) – executed in
Roman Britain for converting to Christianity, according to tradition
Saint Andrew Kim (1846) – beheaded in
Korea for being Christian
Saint Ansanus – according to legend
Saint Anthimus of Rome – according to legend
Saint Barbara – according to legend
Saint Catherine of Alexandria – according to tradition
Saint Christopher – according to legend
Saint Columba of Spain – according to local tradition
Saint Columba of France – according to legend
Saint Columba (the Virgin) of
Cornwall , England – according to legend
Saints Cosmas and Damian (c.287) – executed in purge of Christians in Syria, according to tradition
Saint Cyprian (258) – Bishop of Carthage, North Africa – Christian Martyr executed in the persecution ordered by Emperor
Valerian
Saint Denis – according to legend, which states that he carried his head to his final resting place, a familiar hagiographical
trope (see
Cephalophore )
Saint Diomedes – according to legend
Saint Dorothea of Alexandria – according to legend
Saint Dymphna – according to tradition
Saint Emmeram – according to legend
Saint Eurosia – according to tradition
Saint Felicitas of Rome – according to legend
Saints Felix and Nabor – according to tradition
Saints Firmus and Rusticus – according to tradition
Saint George – according to legend
Saint Gereon – according to legend
Saint Gordianus – according to tradition
Saint James – according to the
Acts of the Apostles
[64]
Saint Marcellus – according to tradition
Saint Maximilian of Tebessa (295) – executed by Romans for conscientious objection to military service, according to tradition
Saint Nicasius of Rheims , at
Rheims (407) – executed by
Vandals during conquest of
Rheims , according to tradition
Saint Pancras – according to legend
Apostle Paul – traditionally
[65]
Saint Peter of Rates – according to tradition
Saint Polyeuctus – according to tradition
Saint Quiteria – according to legend
Saints Rufina and Secunda – according to legend
Saints Simplicius and Faustinus – according to legend
Saint Solange – according to legend
Saint Typasius – according to legend
Saint Urith of
Chittlehampton ,
Devon , England – according to legend
Saint Venantius , at
Camerino – according to tradition
Saint Winefride of
Flintshire in
Wales – according to legend
Saint Demiana – according to tradition
Greek mythology
Sikh
Hindu
Fictional characters
Aura in
Frieren: Beyond Journey's End
See also
References
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^
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^ Klaić, Vjekoslav (1988). Povijest Hrvata IV . Matica hrvatska. pp. 344–345.
^ Klaić, Vjekoslav (1988). Povijest Hrvata V . Matica hrvatska. pp. 148–149.
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^ Oberg, Michael Leroy (2010), The Head in Edward Nugent's Hand: Roanoke's Forgotten Indians (Series: Early American Studies),
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^ Ramsay, Jully (1909).
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^ Willsher, Kim (17 October 2020).
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^ von Lüpke, Marc (9 December 2013).
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^ Barry, Ellen (9 September 2012).
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Deréktól hiányzik Kádár János – többen őrzik a sírkertet
Archived 6 May 2007 at the
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