Sclaveni: Ancestors of the
Western South Slavs. Their name was adopted by the Byzantines in the 600s as a catch-all for all Balkan Slavs, regardless of origin
Southwestern group (roughly in a large part of the hypothesized region of
Proto-Slavs origin)
Dulebes (Dulebi), ancestors of Ukrainians, Belarusians, part of
Czechs and Poles. Assimilated into several East Slavic tribes or were the ancestors of them: the
Volhynians,
Drevlians,
Polans,
Dregoviches, and possibly
Buzhans, eventually to become part of the
Kievan Rus'.
Dudlebi (Doudlebi / Doudlebové) (Bohemian
Dulebes), a group of Dulebes assimilated as a
Slavic Bohemian or
Czech tribe. (they lived in most of the southern half of
Bohemia)
Khodove (Chodové) ("Walkers", "Patrollers" or "Rangers") (formed from recruited people originating in the western
Carpathian Mountains) (in
Tuhošt' Land)
Slovaks* (more appropriately Sloveni[14] for time period of this article), also called Nitran Slavs / Váh Slavs / Hungarian Slavs / MoravianSlovenes[15]/Sloväni / Slověniny), tribal confederation, in
Slovakia and northern parts of
Hungary, possibly western Hungary as well. Ancestors of
Slovaks, mayhaps were part of broader Slavic group sharing the same name (notice similarities with the south Slavic
Slovenians). Sometimes referred to as Slovieni,[16] although this word is generally incorrect, being a contracted term from 19th century.[17]Note: While today the male member of Slovak nation is called Slovák, the original name for such person would be approx. Sloven.[18] This is evident from the endonym of the country (Slovensko), and also the name for Slovak female (Slovenka) or language (slovenský jazyk). This change, purely linguistical, occurred starting in 14th century, applying the newer suffix -ák/-ak/-iak to the stem word Slov. This change most likely originated in neighbouring Bohemia, which is probably the reason why it never completely permeated
Slovak language (compared to the
Moravian region of
Slovácko, so called
Moravian Slovakia).
Lechites (Lechitic group) Lechitic tribes are ancestors of Poles/Polish people, Lechia was the pre-Christian name of Poland.
Wends also spelled as Wenedi, Veneti, Vendi, Vindi, Vinden, includes Northern Polabian and Southern Polabian tribes. The former are linguistically grouped with Lechitic, while the latter with Sorbian languages.
Belesem /
Byelozem = "White Earth" or "White Earth Tribe", they lived scattered in Oster Walde /
Osterwalde - "Eastern Woods" in the Old Mainland
Saxon view, west banks of the
Elbe river
Drevani = "Wood" or "Wood Tribe", they lived scattered in Oster Walde /
Osterwalde - "Eastern Woods" in the Old Mainland
Saxon view, west banks of the Elbe river) (
Osterwalde and
Luneburg Heath also matched the land where the
Langobards lived for a time before migrating towards South) (mostly in today's
Lower Saxony, in the
Hanoverian Wendland, Lechitic tribes in modern -day Germany)
South Slavic tribes descend mainly from two Slavic tribal confederations,
Sclaveni and
Antes. To reach the
Balkans, the two groups took two different paths. While the Sclaveni came from
Central Europe north of the
Danube and migrated south around the eastern edges of the
Alps and across the western part of the
Pannonian Plain, the Antes came from the steppe between the
Dniester and the
Dnieper, penetrating into the Balkans throuhgh
Transylvania or, alternatively, the mouth of the
Danube.[19]
A number of historians have attributed the early split between
Eastern and
Western South Slavs to the different origins of Sclaveni and Antes.[20] While Western South Slavs were closely linked to the
Western SlavicVeneti, Eastern South Slavs originated from the
Eastern Slavic Antes. This is confirmed by both historical records and the duplication of tribal names between
West Slavs and
Western South Slavs and
East Slavs and
Eastern South Slavs, respectively. For example, the Polabian
White Serb confederation is generally thought to be the ancestor of both Western Slavic
Sorbs and South Slavic
Serbs, while the Dunabian Abodriti, also known as
Praedenecenti, are generally associated with the Polabian
Obotrites.[21]
The same is true for Antes and Eastern South Slavs. For example, part of the East Slavic
Severians are known to have migrated to present-day northeastern Bulgaria, becoming foederati of the
First Bulgarian Empire under the name Severi, while some
PripyatDregoviches are assumed to have migrated to the valley of the
Vardar, establishing themselves as the
Drougoubitai.[22] The
Seven Slavic tribes are also hypothesized to be Antes hailing from the lands of modern Ukraine, but missing records of their tribal names makes the hypothesis unverifiable.
Therefore, it has been suggested that the ancestors of medieval Serbs and Croatians were the
Sclaveni, wereas the progenitors of the
Bulgarian Slavs were the
Antes.[23] Nevertheless, there must have been substantial overlap between Sclaveni and Antes, especially in contact zones. For example, the exact origin of
White Croats is still shrouded in mystery. Some scholars consider them be an Antes tribal polity that migrated to
Galicia in the 3rd–4th century,[24][25][26] while others regard them as early
Sclaveni or as a mixture of both Antes and Sclaveni.[27]
Nevertheless, South Slavs over time evolved into a new Slavic ethnolinguistic group. This phenomenon was accentuated by the
Bavarian expansion east (as an element in the
Ostsiedlung) and by the
Magyar settlement and expansion in the
Pannonian Plain, which severed the contiguous land or territory between West and South Slavs (in the Middle
Danube river basin) and contact between both of them, contributing to greater differentiation.
Carantanians / Carniolan Slavs / Old Slovenes / Southern Slovene (Sloventsi), tribal confederation, in Austria and Slovenia. Ancestors of
Slovenes (particularly
Carinthian Slovenes). They descend in part from
Nitran Slavs (Northern Slovenes) that were also partial ancestors of modern
Slovaks.
Merehani / Southern Merehani / Southern Moravians (Moravci / Moravtsi), in (South)
Morava river, eastern Serbia. They descend from
Moravian /
Merehani tribal groups that migrated south of the Danube and over time differentiate themselves and were assimilated into South Slavs.
Seven Slavic tribes (or
Seven Slavic Clans) (Heptaradici / Eptaradici - "Seven Roots"?), tribal confederation, in northern Bulgaria and Southern Romania that formed the basis of the
Slavic Bulgarians (after later being conquered by the Turkic origin
Bulgars that formed much of the
Aristocracy and led to the name change of the people and language)
Smolyani, in the Central and Western
Rhodopes, the
Mesta valley and the adjoining areas of northern
Greece. They revolted against Byzantine rule in 837 and after receiving military aid by Khan
Presian I of Bulgaria, their territory was annexed by the
First Bulgarian Empire. Their name is not mentioned after the mid 800s, which suggests assimilation into Slavic Bulgarians
Strymonites, along the
Struma river in southwestern
Bulgaria and the adjoining part of northern
Greece. Annexed by the
First Bulgarian Empire in 840. They were last mentioned in 904 in connection with the
Sack of Thessaloniki by the Arabs and were therefore most likely assimilated into Slavic Bulgarians
Zerivani /
Zeriuani /
Zeruiani[31] (same as the
Chervyani?
Severians?
Drevlians? Unlikely, Chervyani, Severians and Drevlians can not be the same tribe, because in Slavic languages: Chervyani - red ones (
Red Croats), Severians - northern ones, Drevlians - wood people)
Brodnici, Slavic tribe, inhibiting brod/shallow river areas or areas with brodnica shrubs, type of a wild berry, see place names Brodnica, Bródnica in Slavic speaking countries.
Keramisians or, more likely, Sermesianoi, a mixed population of some 70,000
Bulgars,
Pannonian Slavs and
Byzantine Christians from
Syrmia led by the
Bulgar (khan)
Kuber,[33][34] who unsuccessfully tried to seize
Thessaloniki and then settled in the Keramisian field (a corruption of "Sermesian", i.e., of Sirmium), most likely the
Pelagonia plain in North Macedonia, in 680. Since treasures attributed to them have been found at
Vrap and
Ersekë in Eastern Albania,[35] the Sermesianoi are hypothesized to have migrated west following Byzantine emperor
Leo III the Isaurian's campaigns against them in the early 700s.
^Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World (568 p.) Princeton: Princeton University Press.
ISBN978-0-691-14818-2
^Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.
ISBN978-1-884964-98-5.
^Tarasov I. The Balts in the Migration Period. P. I. Galindians, p. 97
^Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.
ISBN978-1-884964-98-5.
^Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World (568 p.) Princeton: Princeton University Press.
ISBN978-0-691-14818-2
^"Land and People, p.23" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2005.
^Tarasov I. The balts in the Migration Period. P. I. Galindians, p. 97
^Gimbutas, Marija (1963). The Balts. London : Thames and Hudson, Ancient peoples and places 33.
^Oscar Halecki. (1952). Borderlands of Western Civilization. New York: Ronald Press Company. pp. 45-46
^Magosci, Paul Robert (2010). A History of Ukraine (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 43.
ISBN978-0-8020-7820-9.
^Szmoniewski, B. S. (2012). "The Antes: Eastern "Brothers" of the Sclavenes ?". In Curta, Florin (ed.). Neglected Barbarians. Brepols. p. 62.
ISBN978-2-503-53125-0.
^Gluhak, Alemko (1990). Porijeklo imena Hrvat [Origin of the name Croat] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Čakovec: Alemko Gluhak. pp. 115–116.
^Paščenko, Jevgenij (2006). Nosić, Milan (ed.). Podrijetlo Hrvata i Ukrajina [The origin of Croats and Ukraine] (in Croatian). Maveda. pp. 84–87.
ISBN953-7029-03-4.
^Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995].
Славяне в раннем Средневековье [Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. pp. 444, 451, 501, 516.
ISBN978-86-6263-026-1.
^Majorov, Aleksandr Vjačeslavovič (2012). Velika Hrvatska: etnogeneza i rana povijest Slavena prikarpatskoga područja [Great Croatia: ethnogenesis and early history of Slavs in the Carpathian area] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Samobor:
Brethren of the Croatian Dragon, Meridijani. pp. 85–86, 168.
ISBN978-953-6928-26-2.
^Marko Vego (1982). "Postanak imena Bosna".
Postanak srednjovjekovne bosanske države (in Croatian). Svjetlost. p. 20. Retrieved 13 April 2021. Čvrsto sam ubijeđen, na temelju topografije, da je u pradomovrni stanovnika Bosne postojalo, živjelo ime Bosna i kao takvo zabilježeno u izvorima ili je ostalo u toponimima na terenu. Zato nije bilo teško jakom i mnogobrojnom plemenu Bosna da pri dolasku u centralnu Bosnu potisne staro predslavensko ime ili imena na području Gornje Bosne i ujedini srodna slavenska plemena i rodove pod jednim imenom Bosna i za oznaku rijeke Bosne.
^Hadžijahić, Muhamed (2004). POVIJEST BOSNE U IX I X STOLJEĆU (in Bosnian). pp. 164, 165.
^Микулчиќ, Иван (1996). Средновековни градови и тврдини во Македонија [Medieval towns and castles in the Republic of Macedonia] (in Macedonian). Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite. pp. 29–33.
ISBN9989-649-08-1.