From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A map showing the Gaue of the
Kingdom of Germany around the beginning of the 11th century
A map showing the Gaue /pagi of the
Duchy of Swabia and
Upper Burgundy around the beginning of the 11th century
The following is a list of German
Gaue which existed during the
Middle Ages .
It lists the names of the
Frankish or
German Gaue , many of which are still used today regionally, primarily in local traditions. Their locations are often no longer widely known, but are known from publications.
Duchy of Bavaria
Ammergau : along the upper
Amper in
Upper Bavaria , bounded in the south by the
Ammergau Alps ; sub-gau of Sundergau
Attergau [
de ] : along the
Ager in
Upper Austria , around the
Attersee (lake)
Chiemgau : between the middle
Inn and the
Traun in
Upper Bavaria , around the
Chiemsee
Donaugau : along the upper
Danube in
Lower Bavaria and
Upper Palatinate , around
Straubing ; modern
Gäuboden and eastern
Hallertau
Huosigau : between the upper
Isar and the
Amper in
Upper Bavaria , around
Lake Starnberg ; lands of the
Huosi family ; sub-gau of Sundergau
Inntal : the middle
Inn valley in
Tyrol , divided into the
Upper Inn Valley [
de ] and
Lower Inn Valley
Isengau [
de ] : between the lower
Isar and the lower
Inn in
Lower Bavaria , around
Vilsbiburg
Künziggau : along the lower
Vils in
Lower Bavaria , east of
Vilshofen
Lungau : the upper
Mur river valley in
Salzburg , around
Tamsweg
Mattiggau : along the
Mattig [
de ] in
Upper Austria , around
Mattighofen ; the eastern two thirds of the
Innviertel
Norital [
de ] : the
Eisack river valley and the upper half of the
Etschtal in
South Tyrol , around
Bolzano and
Brixen
Pinzgau : the upper
Salzach and upper
Saalach
river valleys in
Salzburg , around
Zell am See
Pongau : a portion of the upper
Salzach and the upper
Enns river valleys in
Salzburg , around
St. Johann im Pongau
Gau Pustertal [
de ] : the
Rienz and upper
Drava river valleys in
South Tyrol , bounded by the
Dolomites in the south, the
Zillertal Alps in the north, and the
Villgraten Mountains in the east
Rotagau : along the lower
Inn and the lower
Rott in
Lower Bavaria and
Upper Austria , south of
Passau
Salzburggau [
de ] : along the middle
Salzach in
Salzburg , around
Salzburg (city)
Schweinachgau : between the upper
Danube and the
Bohemian Forest in
Lower Bavaria , the eastern portion of the
Bavarian Forest
Sundergau [
de ] : along the upper
Isar in
Upper Bavaria , around
Munich ; some sources show Sundergau extending to the south and east of the
Inn to include the Inntal and Chiemgau
[1]
Traungau [
de ] : along the
Traun in
Upper Austria , between the
Hausruck [
de ] hills and the
Enns
Viehbachgau : between the lower
Isar and the
Vils in
Lower Bavaria , around
Dingolfing
Vinschgau : the upper
Adige river valley in
South Tyrol , west of
Merano
Walchengau : along the upper
Isar in
Upper Bavaria , around the
Walchensee
(Bavarian)
Westergau : along the
Paar and the middle
Isar in
Upper Bavaria , around
Freising and
Neuburg
Margraviate of the Nordgau
Margraviate of Austria
Duchy of Carinthia
March of Styria
March of Verona and Aquileia
Duchy of Franconia
East Franconia
Aschfeld : between the middle
Main and the
Franconian Saale in
Lower Franconia , south of
Hammelburg
[3] ; sub-gau of Saalgau
Badanachgau : along the
Grünbach in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Tauber Franconia ), between the
Tauber around the
Maindreieck [
de ] , around
Giebelstadt ; roughly coterminous with
Ochsenfurter Gau [
de ]
Baringau : along the
Streu in
Lower Franconia , in the central
Rhön Mountains , around
Fladungen
[3]
Brettachgau [
de ] : along the
Brettach in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Stuttgart region ), between
Neuenstadt and
Mainhardt
Buchonia or Buchengau: along the upper
Fulda in eastern
Hesse and
Lower Franconia , bounded by the
Rhön Mountains in the east, the
Vogelsberg in the west, and the
Franconian Saale in the south
[3]
Elsenzgau [
de ] : along the
Elsenz and the south and west banks of the lower
Neckar in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Karlsruhe region and
Stuttgart region ), around
Sinsheim
[3]
Gartachgau [
de ] : along the
Lein (formerly called the Gartach) in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Karlsruhe region ); sub-gau of Elsenzgau
Gollachgau [
de ] : along the upper
Tauber and upper
Gollach in
Middle Franconia and northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Tauber Franconia ), around
Rothenburg
Gotzfeldgau [
de ] : along the northern bank of the middle
Main (the
Maindreieck [
de ] ) in
Lower Franconia , between
Würzburg and
Schweinfurt
[3]
Grabfeld : along the upper
Franconian Saale and upper
Werra in
Lower Franconia and southwestern
Thuringia (
Henneberg Franconia ), bounded by the
Thuringian Forest in the northeast, the
Main in the south, and the
Rhön Mountains in the west; some sources divide the gau into East Grabfeld in the southeast and West Grabfeld in the northwest
[3]
Hassgau : along the northern bank of the middle
Main in
Lower Franconia , around
Haßfurt and the
Haßberge hills
Iffgau : between the middle
Main (the
Maindreieck [
de ] ) and the
Aisch in
Lower Franconia and
Middle Franconia , around
Scheinfeld and the western
Steigerwald hills
Jagstgau [
de ] : along the lower
Jagst in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Stuttgart region ), between
Bad Rappenau (lower end) and
Mulfingen (upper end)
Kochergau [
de ] : along the middle
Kocher in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Stuttgart region ), between
Forchtenberg (lower end) and
Gaildorf (upper end), around
Schwäbisch Hall
Maulachgau [
de ] : along the upper
Jagst and
Bühler in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Stuttgart region ), around
Crailsheim ; named after the
Maulach
Murrgau : along the
Murr in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Stuttgart region ), around
Backnang
Rangau [
de ] : between the
Franconian Rezat and the upper
Aisch in
Middle Franconia , bounded by the
Franconian Heights and
Steigerwald in the west and the
Rednitz /
Regnitz in the east, north of
Ansbach
Saalgau [
de ] : along the
Sinn in
Lower Franconia , bounded by the
Rhön Mountains in the northeast and the middle
Main (the
Maindreieck [
de ] ) in the south, around
Hammelburg
[3]
Schefflenzgau : along the
Schefflenz and the
Elz in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Karlsruhe region ), east of
Mosbach in western
Bauland ;
[3] sub-gau of Wingarteiba
Schozachgau [
de ] : along the
Schozach on the east bank of the lower
Neckar in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Stuttgart region ), around
Ilsfeld
Sualafeldgau [
de ] : along the upper
Altmühl in
Middle Franconia , bounded by the southern
Franconian Jura in the southeast and the
Franconian Heights in the northwest, around
Gunzenhausen
Sulmgau [
de ] or Sulmanachgau: along the
Sulm in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Stuttgart region ), at the confluence of the
Kocher and the lower
Neckar , northeast of
Heilbronn
Taubergau [
de ] : along the middle
Tauber in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Tauber Franconia ), around
Bad Mergentheim , roughly coterminous with
Main-Tauber-Kreis excluding
Wertheim
Tullifeld [
de ] : along the upper
Felda and
Ulster in southwestern
Thuringia (
Henneberg Franconia ), around
Kaltennordheim
[3] ; sub-gau of Grabfeld
Waldsassengau [
de ] : along the middle
Main (between the
Mainviereck [
de ] and the
Maindreieck [
de ] ) and the eastern
Spessart mountains in
Lower Franconia , around
Lohr am Main
[3]
Werngau : along the
Wern in
Lower Franconia , bounded by the middle
Main in the east and west (the northern portion of the
Maindreieck [
de ] ), east of
Karlstadt am Main
[3]
Wingarteiba [
de ] or Wingartau: between the
Neckar /
Jagst and the
Tauber in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Rhine-Neckar ), bounded by the
Bauland in the south and the
Odenwald mountains in the northwest, roughly coterminous with the
Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis
[3]
Zabergäu [
de ] : along the
Zaber on the west bank of the lower
Neckar in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Stuttgart region ), around
Brackenheim ; sub-gau of Elsenzgau
West Franconia
Anglachgau [
de ] : along the lower
Pfinz and
Kraichbach on the right bank of the
Upper Rhine in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Karlsruhe region ), around
Bruchsal
[3] ; sub-gau and northwestern half of Kraichgau
Arfeld [
de ] : along the upper
Eder in southern
Northrhine-Westphalia (
Arnsberg region ), around
Bad Berleburg in the central
Rothaar Mountains ;
[3] sub-gau of Hessengau or Lahngau
Bachgau [
de ] : along the west bank of the lower
Main in southern
Hesse (
Darmstadt region ) and
Lower Franconia , between the lower
Gersprenz and the lower
Mümling , around
Großostheim ; sub-gau of Maingau
Einrich [
de ] or Einrichgau: along the
Aar on the right bank of the
Middle Rhine in northeastern
Rhineland-Palatinate and southwestern
Hesse , bounded by the western
Taunus mountains in the south and the lower
Lahn in the north, around
Heidenrod
[3] ; some sources list Einrich as a sub-gau of Lahngau and show its territory extending east to the
Weil
[1]
Engersgau [
de ] : along the
Wied on the right bank of the
Middle Rhine in northeastern
Rhineland-Palatinate , around
Montabaur in the western
Westerwald
[3] ; some sources list Engersgau as a sub-gau of Lahngau
[1]
Enzgau [
de ] : along the lower
Enz and the upper
Kraichbach in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Karlsruhe region ), around
Mühlacker ; sub-gau and southeastern half of Kraichgau
Erdagau : along the
Aar in
Hesse (
Giessen region ), between the
Dill and the
Salzböde
[3] ; sub-gau of Lahngau (split between Niederlahngau and Oberlahngau)
Glemsgau [
de ] : along the
Glems in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Stuttgart region ), around
Schwieberdingen
Haigergau : between the
Nister in northeastern
Rhineland-Palatinate and the
Dietzhölze in
Hesse (
Giessen region ), bounded by the upper
Sieg in the north and the
Westerwald in the south, around
Haiger ; sub-gau of Niederlahngau
(Frankish)
Hessengau or Hassia: along the lower
Eder and lower
Fulda in
Hesse (
Kassel region ), around
Fritzlar and
Kassel
[3] ; some sources show Hessengau extending further west along the Eder to include much of Oberlahngau
[1]
Kinziggau [
de ] : along the lower
Kinzig in
Hesse (
Darmstadt region ), around
Gelnhausen ; sub-gau of Maingau
Königssondergau or the Königs besonderer Gau ('King's special Gau'): along the right bank of the
Middle Rhine in
Hesse (
Darmstadt region ), around
Wiesbaden
[3] ; sub-gau of Rheingau
Kraichgau : along the
Kraichbach in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Karlsruhe region and
Rhine-Neckar ), between the
Upper Rhine and
Enz , around
Mühlacker and
Bruchsal
Niederlahngau or Unterlahngau: along the lower
Lahn in western
Hesse (
Giessen region ), around
Limburg
[3] ; some sources do not divide Lahngau into Nieder- and Ober-, and include Engersgau and Einrich as sub-gaue
[1]
Oberlahngau : along the upper
Lahn in northwestern
Hesse (
Kassel region ), around
Marburg
[3] ; some sources do not divide Lahngau into Nieder- and Ober-, and instead have Hessengau extend further west into what would be Oberlahngau
[1]
Lobdengau [
de ] : along the lower
Neckar at the confluence with the
Upper Rhine in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Rhine-Neckar ), roughly coterminous with the western half of
Rhein-Neckar-Kreis plus
Mannheim and
Heidelberg
[3]
Maingau [
de ] : along the lower
Main in southeastern
Hesse (
Darmstadt region ) and
Lower Franconia , bounded by the
Odenwald mountains in the southwest and
Spessart mountains in the east, around
Aschaffenburg
[3]
Nahegau : along the
Nahe in southeastern
Rhineland-Palatinate , bounded by the
Hunsrück uplands in the northwest and the
North Palatine Uplands in the southeast, around
Bad Kreuznach
[3]
[4]
Niddagau [
de ] : between the lower
Nidda and eastern
Taunus mountains in central
Hesse (
Darmstadt region ), around
Bad Homburg
[3] ; sub-gau of Wetterau
Oberrheingau [
de ] ('Upper Rhine Gau'): between the lower
Main and the
Weschnitz on the right bank of the
Upper Rhine in
Hesse (
Darmstadt region ), west of
Darmstadt ; initially a sub-gau of the wider Rheingau, gradually treated as separate as 'Rheingau' began to refer only to the small territory west of Wiesbaden
Perfgau [
de ] : along the
Perf and upper
Lahn in southern
Northrhine-Westphalia (
Arnsberg region ) and western
Hesse (
Giessen region ), around
Breidenbach ; sub-gau of Oberlahngau or Hessengau
Pfinzgau [
de ] : along the upper
Pfinz in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Karlsruhe region ), east of
Karlsruhe and northwest of
Pforzheim ; sub-gau of Ufgau
Rodgau [
de ] : along the
Rodau in southern
Hesse (
Darmstadt region ), around the town of
Rodgau ; sub-gau of Maingau; notably absent from many atlas sources
[1]
[5]
Vernagau or Pfirnihgau: between the lower
Schwalm and the
Efze , around
Borken ; sub-gau of Hessengau
Plumgau [
de ] : along the upper
Gersprenz and the upper
Mümling in southern
Hesse (
Darmstadt region ), around
Erbach in the northern
Odenwald mountains
[3] ; sub-gau of Maingau
Rheingau : along the right bank of the
Middle Rhine and the
Upper Rhine , between
Lorch am Rhein (lower end) and
Lampertheim (upper end)
[3] ; initially a large gau with Oberrheingau and Königssondergau as sub-gaue, gradually came to identify a small territory along the right bank of the Rhine, west of Wiesbaden where the Middle Rhine meets the Upper Rhine
Speyergau : along the
Speyerbach in southern
Rhineland-Palatinate , bounded by the
Upper Rhine in the east, the
Palatinate Forest in the west, and the
Lauter in the south, west of
Speyer
[3]
(Frankish)
Ufgau : along the right bank of the
Upper Rhine in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Karlsruhe region ), bounded by the
Upper Rhine in the west, the
Enz in the southeast, and the
Elsenz in the northeast, around
Bruchsal and
Karlsruhe
Wetterau or Wettereiba: along the
Nidda in eastern
Hesse (
Darmstadt region and
Giessen region ), bounded by the
Fulda in the east, the
Taunus mountains in the west, and the lower
Main in the south, around
Friedberg and the
Vogelsberg mountains
[3]
Wormsgau or Wormsfeld: along the left bank of the
Upper Rhine and the
North Palatine Uplands in southern
Rhineland-Palatinate , west of
Worms and south of
Mainz
[3]
[4]
Würmgau : along the upper
Enz and the lower
Nagold in northern
Baden-Württemberg (
Karlsruhe region ), south of
Pforzheim
Frisia
Gau
Auricherland : eastern
East Frisia
Beveland : municipalities of
Borsele ,
Goes ,
Noord-Beveland ,
Kapelle , and
Reimerswaal (formerly separate islands) in
Zeeland
Bornegoa [
fy ;
nl ] : southern
Friesland
Gau Brokmerland : western East Frisia
Drenthe : Dutch province of Drenthe, south of
Groningen
Emsgau [
de ] or Gau Emsigerland: at the mouth of the
Ems , southwest East Frisia
Federgo : western East Frisia
Fivelgo : north
Ommelanden along the Ems estuary, northeast of Groningen
Flehite : along the
Utrecht Hill Ridge in eastern
Utrecht
Fulnaho : the areas of
Kop van Overijssel and
Stellingwerven [
nl ]
Germepi : eastern
South Holland and western Utrecht, along the
Oude Rijn and north of the
Hollandse IJssel
(het 'the')
Gooi or Naardensland: southeastern
North Holland , along the
Markermeer across from
Flevoland
Gau
Harlingerland : northern East Frisia
Holtland : south of the
Lek , along the
Meuse (
Dutch : Maas ) and
Waal , southeast of
Rotterdam ; origin
Humsterland : northwest Ommelanden, northwest of Groningen
Hunsigo : northwest Ommelanden along the
Wadden Sea , north of Groningen
Ijssel and Lek : between the Hollandse IJssel and Lek rivers, southeast South Holland (
Krimpenerwaard ) and southwest Utrecht (
Lopikerwaard )
Kennemerland or Kinhem: southern/central North Holland
Gau
Lengenerland [
de ] : southeast East Frisia
Masaland or Marsum: southern South Holland, north of
Het Scheur and the
Nieuwe Maas
Gau
Moormerland : southern Ostfriesland, at the mouth of the Ems river
Nifterlake or Instarlake:
Vechtstreek and
Amstelland , along the
Utrechtse Vecht
Gau
Norderland northwest East Frisia
Noord-Twente or Norhttuianti: along the
Overijsselse Vecht , northern
County of Bentheim and northeast
Overijssel
Östringen [
de ] : around
Jever , modern
Friesland kreis
Ostergau or Eastergoa: northeast
Friesland
Gau
Overledingerland [
de ] : at the mouth of the Ems, southern East Frisia
Gau
Rheiderland : west bank of the mouth of the
Weser
Rijnland : middle South Holland, along the Oude Rijn; Rinland
Gau
Rüstringen : east and south of the
Jadebusen
Salland or Salon: western half of Overijssel, along the lower
IJssel and lower
Overijsselse Vecht
Schouwen : municipalities of
Schouwen-Duiveland ,
Tholen (formerly an island), and western coastal
North Brabant around
Bergen op Zoom
Sudergoa : along the northeast shore of the
IJsselmeer (formerly
Lake Almere ), north of
Lelystad
Teisterbant : south of the
Lek , along the
Meuse (
Dutch : Maas ) and
Waal , west of
Nijmegen ; Testarbant
Texla : the island of
Texel ,
Vlieland , and
Terschelling
Twente : eastern half of Overijssel
Gau
Veluwe : between the
IJssel ,
Lek , and
IJsselmeer
Gau Voorne [
nl ] : islands of
Voorne-Putten and
Goeree-Overflakkee (Westvoorne/Goeree and Zuidvoorne/Overflakkee) which at various points in history were all one island or separate islands
Walcheren : formerly a separate island, around
Middelburg
Gau Wangerland : on the
North Sea , east of East Frisia
(Frisian) Westergau or
Westergoa : western Friesland
Gau Westflinge [
nl ] : northern North Holland, largely coterminous with
West Friesland
Wiron : municipalities of
Wieringen and
Wieringermeer in northern North Holland, former island with some territory submerged in the Wadden Sea; possibly part of Texla
Wursten [
de ] : coastal
Lower Saxony north of
Bremerhaven
Lotharingia
Lower Lotharingia
Aachengau or Pagus Aquensis: around
Aachen
Ahrgau : on the
Ahr in the north of
Rhineland-Palatinate
Ardennengau [
de ] : along the
Ardennes Forest , at the tripoint of
Germany ,
Belgium and
Luxembourg
Auelgau [
de ] : around the
Siebengebirge and along the
Sieg , east of
Bonn
Betuwe or Batavia: along the middle
Waal , between the lower
Meuse (
Dutch : Maas ) and
Lek
Bonngau [
de ] : around Bonn, on the left bank of the
Lower Rhine
Pagus of Brabant : between the
Scheldt and
Dyle , western
Flemish Brabant and southwestern
East Flanders
Cambresis or Kamerijkgouw: at the headlands of the Scheldt river, around
Cambrai
Condroz : south of the
Meuse , east of
Namur
Deutzgau [
de ] : along the lower
Wupper on the right bank of the Lower Rhine, east of
Cologne
Düffelgau [
de ] : on the Lower Rhine, roughly between
Cleves and
Xanten
Eifelgau : in northern
Eifel
Gildegau [
de ] or Gellepgau: on left bank of the Lower Rhine, north of
Neuss and across from
Duisburg ; often confused with Gillgau and/or shown on the right bank of the Rhine (Ruhrgau); named after the Roman castra
Gelduba [
de ]
Gillgau [
de ] : on the left bank of the Lower Rhine, northwest of Cologne
Hamaland : eastern
Gelderland , partly coterminous with the
Achterhoek
Pagus of Hesbaye or Haspengouw: between
Liège ,
Maastricht ,
Diest and
Grand-Leez ; north and west of the bend in the
Meuse
Hattuariergau [
de ] or Hettergau: along the
Niers , including
Gennep and
Geldern
Hennegau or Hainau: along the upper
Sambre
Iselgo : along the western shore of the
IJssel , between the
Oude IJssel and
Schipbeek , southeastern Gelderland
Jülichgau [
de ] : along the middle
Rur , around
Jülich
Kölngau [
de ] : on the left bank of the Lower Rhine, around Cologne
Kützgau : along the
Erft ; only one documented mention in the year 898
Liemers : between the
Nederrijn and
Oude IJssel rivers, east of
Arnhem
Lommegau or Lommatschgau: on the left bank of the
Meuse , along the lower
Sambre
Luihgau or Liugas: between
Liège and
Aachen
Maasgau : along part of the
Meuse (
Dutch : Maas ) north of
Maastricht
Mühlgau [
de ] : between the Maas and Niers
Nievenheimgau [
de ] or Neusser Gau: along the lower
Erft , roughly coterminous with the modern municipalities of
Neuss and
Grevenbroich
Odangau : on the left bank of the Lower Rhine, south of Bonn; untergau of Bonngau
Gau Rijen [
nl ] or Rien: alonge the
Nete river, around
Antwerp , western
Antwerp province
Ruhrgau [
de ] or Duisburggau: western
Ruhrgebiet including
Duisburg and
Essen
Toxandria : between the Meuse,
Demer and
Schelde rivers in the Belgian-Dutch border region
Zülpichgau [
de ] : along the upper
Rur
Waasland or Waasgau: north of the Schelde, northeast
East Flanders
Upper Lotharingia
Albegau : on the right bank of the upper
Meurthe
[4]
Alzettegau : along the
Alzette
[4]
Arelgau or Arlenais: along the headlands of the upper
Semois , west of
Luxembourg
Barrois : along the
Ornain , between the
Marne and
Meuse , southwest of
Verdun
Blois : along the upper Meuse, south of Verdun
Bidgau [
de ] or Bitgau: south
Eifel around
Bitburg
[4]
Bliesgau : along the
Blies
[4]
Carosgau [
de ] or pagus Caroscus: along the upper
Kyll and the upper
Prüm , around the town of
Prüm ; possibly named from the
Belgic tribe of the
Caeroesi
Pagus Castricius [
fr ] : along the upper Meuse, around
Charleville-Mézières
Chaumontois [
fr ] : along the upper Meurthe and Moselle, southwest of
Nancy
Dulcomensis : between the
Aisne and Meuse, northwest of Verdun
Eichelgau : along the
Eichel (Saar) [
de ] , southeast of
Saarbrücken
[4]
Hunsrückgau : in the western
Hunsrück , along the Moselle, northeast of
Trier
Karosgau : along the
Prüm in western
Eifel
[4]
Maifeld : at the confluence of the
Middle Rhine and
Moselle rivers, southwest of
Koblenz
Methingau [
de ] : along the upper Alzette, around
Luxembourg City
[4]
Metzgau : along the middle Moselle, the area surrounding
Metz
[4]
Moselgau [
de ] : along the lower/middle
Moselle between
Cochem and
Metz
[6] : 484 ; largely overlapping with territories in Bidgau, Metzgau, and Wavergau and possibly replaced early on by them
Mosomensis : along the upper Meuse in the Ardennes, north of Verdun
Niedgau : along the
Nied , east of Metz
[4]
Ornois [
fr ] : along the river
Ornain between
Lorraine and
Champagne
Rizzigau : along the midde Moselle, around
Thionville
[4]
Saargau : along the
Saar , sometimes divided into Upper Saargau around
Sarrebourg and Lower Saargau around
Wallerfangen
[4]
Saintois [
fr ] : between the upper Meuse and Moselle, south of
Toul
Salingau or
Saulnois [
fr ] ; along the
Seille
Sauergau : along the
Sauer in Luxembourg
[4]
Scarponagau or Scarponois: along the middle Moselle, roughly between Toul and Metz
[4]
Soulossois : along the upper headlands of the Meuse, southwest of Toul
Toulois [
fr ] : on the upper Moselle, around Toul
Trechirgau : between the lower Moselle and the left bank of the Middle Rhine, in the eastern Hunsrück
Triergau [
de ] : on the right banks of the Saar and Moselle, southeast of Trier
[4]
Verdungau or
Verdunois [
fr ] : along the upper Meuse, around Verdun
[4]
Wavergau or Woëvregau: between the Meuse and Moselle;
Woëvre region in the southwest and Luxembourg in the northeast
[4]
Duchy of Saxony
Angria
Almango : north of the Ittergau/Nithersi, east of Angeron, south of the Patherga
(Saxon) Ammergau [
de ] : modern
Ammerland
Augau [
de ] : in
Lower Saxony , on the
Weser around
Höxter , west of Nethegau
Bardengau : the territory around
Lüneburg
Bukkigau [
de ] : the Kreis of
Schaumburg , Lower Saxony (Bukki being an old form of Buche)
Dervegau : between the
Hunte and middle
Weser rivers, north of
Minden
Grindirigau : between the Weser and the confluence of the
Leine and
Aller
Haduloha [
de ] : around
Land Hadeln and Wursten (
History of Hadeln and Wursten [
de ] )
Heilangau [
de ] :
Bremervörde ,
Buxtehude ,
Harburg ,
Stade
(Saxon)
Hessengau : in western
Westphalia and southern Lower Saxony
[3]
Lübbeckegauor Lidbekegau: from
Lübbecke in Westphalia to the
Dümmer See
Ittergau [
de ] or Nithersi: on the middle
Eder
[3]
Largau [
de ] : along the lower Weser river, southwest of
Bremen
Leinegau [
de ] or (Ober-)Leinegau: along the upper
Leine around
Göttingen
[3]
Loingau [
de ] or (Unter)-Leinegau: along the lower
Leine and
Aller rivers, northeast of
Celle
Liesgau : in southern Lower Saxony; western
Harzvorland [
de ]
[3]
Marstemgau [
de ] : around
Hanover
Moringen : along the
Moore (Leine) [
de ] river, tributary of the Leine river
Moside : along the
Elbe river south of
Hamburg
Nethegau or Netgau: around
Brakel and
Bad Driburg in Westphalia
Ostegau : along the
Oste river on the Elbe estuary
Osterburg-Gau [
de ] : in the
Weserbergland
Padergau : around
Paderborn
[3]
Rittigau [
de ] : around
Northeim , southern Lower Saxony
Sintfeld : south of Paderborn,
Bürener Land [
de ]
Soratfeld : southeast of Paderborn, Bürener Land; sometimes considered part of Padergau
Sturmigau [
de ] : modern
Verden district ; from
Hoya on the right of the Weser at the confluence with the Aller
[7]
Suilbergau or Sülberggau: west of the Leine around
Einbeck in Lower Saxony with central court (Gerichtsstätte) around
Strodthagen [
de ]
Theotmelli : territory around
Detmold (ancient name Tietmelli or Theotmalli)
Tilithigau [
de ] : around
Bad Pyrmont , southern Lower Saxony
Treveresgau : around
Salzkotten ,
Paderborner Land
(Saxon)
Waldsassengau or Waldeston: between
Bremen and
Zeven
Werregau or Wehsigau: along the
Werre river, west of the Weser
Wetigau [
de ] : the
Schwalenberg area in the
district of Lippe
Gau
Wigmodien [
de ] : north of Bremen
Eastphalia
Ambergau : along the
Nette , around
Bockenem
Aringen [
de ] or Erichsgau: along the middle
Leine , around
Alfeld
[6] : 76
Astfala [
de ] or Eastphaliagau: north of
Hildesheim , west of
Brunswick
Balsamgau or Gau Balcsem, modern Saxony-Anhalt
Derlingau : east of Brunswick
Gau
Drevani or
Drawehn : along the Elbe and
Jeetzel rivers, southwest of
Lüneburg
Gau
Flenithi [
de ] or Flenthiga: in
Gandersheim /
Winzenburg region
Flutwidde [
de ] : along the lower
Fuhse , south of
Celle
Friesenfeld : between
Allstedt and
Merseburg
Gretinge : north of
Celle
Gudingau [
de ] or Godingon: around
Elze in the
Saale valley up to the Leine
Harzgau :
Harz mountains
Hassegau : between
Mansfeld ,
Naumburg ,
Halle and
Wettin
Liergau [
de ] or Leragau: between the
Fuhse and
Oker
Nordthüringgau : on the left bank of the Elbe, around
Magdeburg ; territory of the Thuringii which had become part of the Stem Duchy of Saxony
Gau
Osterwalde : northern and eastern
Altmark
(Easphalian)
Salzgau [
de ] or Saltgau: around
Salzgitter
Schwabengau : western
Saxony-Anhalt
Scotelingau or Scotelingen: west and northwest of
Hildesheim
Valedungen or Valothungau: southwest of
Halberstadt , along the Leine river
Wenzengau or Densigau: around
Goslar
Wikanafeld [
de ] : around
Eschershausen ; an untergau of Gudingau
Nordalbingia
Westphalia
Sclavonia
Billung March
Northern March
Gau
Desseri [
de ] or Dassia, on the
Dosse ; possible extent eastward along the upper
Havel
Groswin : south of the
Peene and southwest of
Usedom , around
Anklam
Heveller : along the lower Havel,
Havelland plus northern
Zauche
Gau
Liezizi [
pl ] : between the lower Havel and
Elbe
Linones or Linagga: northern
Prignitz , between the
Elde and Elbe
Meseritz : south of the Peene, northeast of
Neubrandenburg
Moraciani [
de ;
pl ] : on the eastern shore of the Elbe from
Magdeburg up to
Schartau
Gau
Murizzi [
pl ] : around the southern half of
Lake Müritz
Nielitizi or
Brizanen [
pl ;
de ] : at the confluence of the Elbe and Havel rivers, southern Prignitz; the Brizanen are described as inhabiting the same area, though Nielitizi is more commonly attested as the name of the area/gau; sometimes confused with Neletizi
Plote or Ploth: between the Peene and
Tollensee , east of
Demmin
Redarier [
de ] : southeast of Neubrandenburg and northeast of
Neustrelitz
Gau
Retschanen [
de ] or Rizani: eastern
Brandenburg , northeast of
Berlin
Sprevane : along the lower
Spree , the majority of Berlin and the area east
Tollensians or Tholenz: north of the Tollensesee, northwest of Neubrandenburg, southeast of
Lake Kummerow
Ukrani : along the
Ucker , roughly coterminous with the
Uckermark
Gau
Zemzizi [
de ] : along the Havel river, north of
Brandenburg
Saxon Eastern March
March of Lusatia : created in 965; gradually replaced title of Saxon East March
Gau
Zerwisti or Ciervisti: at the confluence of the
Elbe and
Saale around
Zerbst
Gau
Coledizi [
de ] : in
Saxony-Anhalt , between
Halle and
Köthen
Lusitzi [
de ] : roughly coterminous with
Lower Lusatia
Gau
Neletizi [
de ;
pl ] : east of the Saale around
Nehlitz [
de ] including the castle
Giebichenstein (Halle) [
de ]
Gau
Nice : along the lower
Neisse at the confluence with the
Oder ; poorly attested
Gau
Nizizi [
de ] : territory between the Elbe,
Mulde and
Black Elster
Gau
Nudzici [
de ;
pl ] : east of the Saale between Halle and
Bernburg
Gau
Ploni or Planegau: southern
Zauche and eastern
Fläming , along the
Plane ; poorly attested, territory sometimes considered an extension south of the Heveller
Gau
Selpuli : along the lower
Spree and lower Neisse rivers, southeast of Berlin; northern portion of territory sometimes considered extension south of the
Sprevane
Gau
Serimunt [
de ] : between the Saale, Mulde, Elbe and
Fuhne
Gau
Siusili [
de ] or Susali: in the
Leipzig Basin on the Mulde in
Saxony
Gau
Sorau or Zara: between the lower
Bóbr and lower Neisse rivers, east of
Cottbus
Gau
Wolauki : along the middle Elbe, north of the
Dübener Heide and south of
Wittenberg ; very poorly attested
Gau
Zitizi [
de ] or Citice: along the Mulde near the confluence with the Elbe, around
Dessau ; poorly attested, either a sub-gau of or split between Serimunt and Nizizi
March of Meissen : created in 965; sometimes referred to as part of the Saxon East March, gradually seen as separate
March of Merseburg : created in 965; sometimes referred to as part of the Saxon East March, gradually seen as separate
March of Zeitz : created in 965; sometimes referred to as part of the Saxon East March, gradually seen as separate
Brisingau : between the
Saale and
White Elster , west of
Gera ; sometimes shown divided between Orla and Strupenia, location guessed upon by scholars[
citation needed ]
Chutizi Orientalis : along the
Chemnitz , around
Chemnitz ; sometimes depicted as part of Glomacze
Dobnagau [
de ] or Gau Dobenau: along the upper
White Elster , around
Plauen , roughly coterminous with
Vogtland
Gau
Ducharin [
de ] or Thucharini: along the middle
White Elster , around
Teuchern in
Saxony-Anhalt
Gau
Geraha : along the middle
White Elster , around
Gera
Gau
Plisni or Pleißegau: between the
White Elster and the
Zwickauer Mulde , roughly coterminous with
Pleissnerland
Gau
Puonzowa : along the middle
White Elster , around
Zeitz
Strupenice or Strupenia: along the
Gleise , east of
Jena ; multiple name variants, little attestation outside of name
Weitagau or Weitaha: on the right bank of the middle
Saale , south and east of
Naumburg ; poorly attested
Gau
Zwikau : along the upper
Zwickauer Mulde , south of
Zwickau ; sometimes shown to extend east into Chutizi Orientalis
Duchy of Swabia
Apphagau [
de ] : on the north bank of the upper
Danube , around
Riedlingen ; sub-gau of Albuinsbar
Gau Alba [
de ] : northeastern portion of the
Swabian Alb
Albgau or Alpgau: along the north bank of the
High Rhine , west of
Schaffhausen ; named after the
Alb river
Albuinsbar [
de ] : between the
Wutach and
Breg ; a subdivision of the Bertoldsbaar
[8] , some sources using Albuinsbar as an alternate name for the entire area
[1]
Allgäu or Alpgau: along the upper
Iller and upper
Lech , bounded by the
Allgäu Alps
Argengau : along the
Argen , between the
Iller and
Lake Constance
(Eastern)
Augstgau : along the lower
Lech and
Wertach , around
Augsburg
Bertoldsbaar [
de ] or Perahtoltaspara: along the upper
Danube , around the
Swabian Alb ; large territory consisting of several sub-gaus and
huntares [
de ]
Breisgau : along the right bank of the
Upper Rhine and the north bank of the
High Rhine , around
Freiburg
Burichingagau : along the
Lauchert , in the western portion of the
Swabian Alb ; sub-gau of Bertoldsbaar
Drachgau : along the upper
Kocher and upper
Rems , around
Schwäbisch Gmünd
Duriagau : along the
Günz and the
Mindel
Engadin : along the upper
Inn , the upper most portion of the
Inntal , in southern
Graubünden
Eritgau [
de ] or Ertgau: along the southern bank of the upper
Danube , around
Bad Saulgau
Filsgau : along the
Fils , around
Göppingen
Folcholtsbaar [
de ] : along the
Riß , around
Biberach
[8]
Glehuntare : along the upper
Würm , west of Stuttgart; considered a sub-gau of Bertoldsbaar in some sources
[1]
Goldineshuntare [
de ] : along the
Ablach , around
Krauchenwies ; sub-gau of Linzgau or Bertoldsbaar
Haistergau : along the
Umlach and upper
Riß , around
Bad Waldsee ; sub-gau of Folkoltsbaar
Hattenhuntare : along the
Starzel , around
Hechingen
Hegau : between the
High Rhine and upper
Danube , northwest of
Lake Constance and northeast of
Schaffhausen
Illergau [
de ] : along the middle
Iller , around
Memmingen
Keltenstein : along the upper
Lech , around the
Forggensee ; contains the
Dengelstein [
de ] a large boulder whose name is derived from Keltenstein
Klettgau [
de ] : along the north bank of the
High Rhine , west of
Schaffhausen ; sub-gau of Albgau
Linzgau : between the upper
Danube and the northwestern half of
Lake Constance
Munderkinger Gau or Muntaricheshuntare: along the south bank of the upper
Danube , around
Munderkingen ; sub-gau of Bertoldsbaar
[8]
Munigiseshuntare : along the
Lauter , around
Münsingen ; sub-gau of Bertoldsbaar
Nagoldgau [
de ] or Naglachgowe: along the upper
Nagold , around
Nagold ; includes portions of the modern
Korngäu [
de ] and
Heckengäu
Neckargau [
de ] : along the middle
Neckar , near
Stuttgart
[3]
Nibelgau [
de ] : along the
Eschach , around
Leutkirch ; sub-gau of Argungau
Nordgau : roughly coterminous with
Bas-Rhin department, northern
Alsace
Ortenau or Mortenau: along the right bank of the
Upper Rhine , around
Offenburg
Pfullichgau : along the
Echaz , around
Reutlingen
Raetia Curiensis or Churrätien: along the
Alpine Rhine , roughly coterminous with modern
Graubünden ; some sources consider Raetia its own province which included Rheingau, Engadin, and sometimes Vinschgau
[5]
(Ober-)rätien or pagus Curiensis: north of the
Landquart and the
Rätikon mountains; some sources dispute the division of Raetia into two subdivisions
[1]
(Unter-)rätien or pagus Raetia Curiensis: south of the
Landquart and the
Rätikon mountains; some sources dispute the division of Raetia into two subdivisions
[1]
Rammachgau : along the
Rot and the
Dürnach , around
Laupheim
(Alemannic)
Rheingau : along the
Alpine Rhine at the confluence with
Lake Constance , around
Bregenz
Riesgau [
de ] : along the
Kessel and the
Nördlinger Ries , around
Nördlingen
Scherragau [
de ] : between the upper
Danube and the upper
Neckar , in the southwestern
Swabian Alb ; subdivision of Bertoldsbaar
Schussengau : along the
Schussen and the northeastern bank of
Lake Constance ; sub-gau of Linzgau
Schwerzgau or Swerzenhuntare: along the north bank of the upper
Danube , southwest of
Ulm ; sub-gau of Bertoldsbaar
Swiggerstal : along the
Erms , around
Metzingen
Sülchgau [
de ] : along the middle
Neckar , around
Tübingen
Sundgau : roughly coterminous with
Haut-Rhin department, southern
Alsace
Thurgau : along the
Thur , between
Lake Constance and
Lake Zürich , the cantons of
Thurgau ,
St. Gallen ,
Appenzell , and eastern
Zürich ; some sources include all of the territory of
Zürichgau [
de ] , stretching to the eastern shores of
Lake Lucerne
[1]
(Alemannic)
Waldgau : along the upper
Murg , around
Freudenstadt , in the northern
Black Forest
Walgau [
de ] /Welschgau or Val Druschauna: the
Ill valley, southern
Vorarlberg ; sub-gau of Raetia Curiensis
Zürichgau [
de ] : between
Lake Lucerne and
Lake Zürich , the cantons of
Zürich ,
Zug ,
Schwyz ,
Glarus , and
Uri
Duchy of Thuringia
Altgau : along the
Helbe river [
de ] , between the upper
Wipper and middle
Unstrut , north of
Erfurt and east of
Mühlhausen ; some sources indicate Altgau extending south of the Unstrut towards Erfurt, and north of the Wipper towards
Nordhausen
[1]
Eichsfeld [
de ] : between the upper
Unstrut and lower
Werra , along the
Hainich hills, around
Heiligenstadt ; larger than the modern region but without the
Low Saxon territory around
Duderstadt ; some sources indicate Eichsfeld extending west of the Werra to include
Eschwege
[1]
Gau
Engilin [
de ] : along the lower
Unstrut and the
Finne hills, west of
Naumburg
Germar-Mark [
de ] : along the lower
Werra and upper
Unstrut , centered on and named after
Görmar , now in
Mühlhausen ; likely established as a
mark to defend against the
Saxons in the 9th century, gradually lost importance and was superseded by the gaues of Eichsfeld, Westergau, and Altgau
Helmegau [
de ] : along the
Helme , around
Nordhausen
Husitingau [
de ] or Usitigau: between the
Ilm and
Saale , southeast of
Weimar ; some sources describe as a sub-gau of Ostergau
[5]
Längwitzgau [
de ] : along the upper
Ilm , around
Ilmenau and
Arnstadt
Nabelgau [
de ] : between the lower
Wipper and
Helme , along the
Kyffhäuser hills, around
Frankenhausen ; some sources indicate Nabelgau extending west along the Wipper to include the territory of Wippergau as a sub-gau
[1]
Natergau or Watergau: along the
Notter , east of
Mühlhausen ; sub-gau of Altgau
Ohmfeldgau [
de ] or Ohnfelt: along the sources of the
Leine and
Wipper rivers, around
Leinefelde ; sub-gau of Eichsfeld
Orlagau : along the upper
Saale , around
Saalfeld ; some sources indicate it as a territory of the
March of Zeitz , separated from Thuringia
[1]
(Thuringian)
Ostergau : along the lower
Ilm , around
Weimar ; some sources indicate Ostergau extending west towards
Erfurt and including the territory of Thüringgau
[1]
Ringgau [
de ] : along the middle
Werra , southwest of
Eisenach ; sub-gau of Westergau
Thüringgau or Südthüringgau: on the south bank of the middle
Unstrut , along the
Gera , around
Erfurt ; some sources omit this gau entirely and show its territory split between Westergau in the west, Ostergau in the east, and Altgau in the north
[1]
(Thuringian)
Westergau [
de ] : along the middle
Werra and the
Hörsel , around
Eisenach and
Gotha
Wiehegau or Wigsezi: between the lower
Unstrut and
Finne hills; some sources describe as a sub-gau of Engilin
[5]
Wippergau : along the upper
Wipper , around
Sondershausen ; some sources describe as a sub-gau of Nabelgau
[1]
Outside the Kingdom of Germany
Duchy of Bohemia
Kingdom of Burgundy
Margraviate of Flanders
West Francia/Kingdom of France
Unknown or Mythological Gaue
Gau Jom [
de ] : controversial historical territory settled by and subject to the
Jomsvikings as well as a Danish
exclave on the
Pomeranian coast
Winidon : a supposed gau in eastern
Thuringia listed in many sources; first listed in sources by error due to a hole in a historical document
[10] : 223-225
See also
Sources
August von Wersebe: Beschreibung der Gaue between Elbe, Saale und Unstrut, Weser und Werra, insofern solche zu Eastphalia mit Nord-Thuringia und zu Ost-Engern gehört haben, und wie sie im 10ten und 11ten Jahrhundert befunden sind. Hahn, Hannover 1829,
Digitalisat .
Wachter, Ferdinand (1852). "1: A – G. Theil 54: Gargano – Gauhe. ". In
Ersch, Johann S. ;
Gruber, Johann G. (eds.).
Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste [General Encyclopedia of the Sciences and Arts ] (in German). Leipzig: Brockhaus. pp. 405–449.
Boettger, Heinrich. Diöcesan- and Gau-Grenzen Norddeutschlands zwischen Oder, Main, jenseits des Rheins, der Nord- und Ostsee. Von Ort zu Ort schreitend festgestellt [Diocese and Gau borders of northern Germany between the Oder, Main, beyond the Rhine, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea ] (in German). Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses u. a., Halle u. a. 1875–1876:
Volume 1: Von Ort zu Ort schreitende Begrenzung von 31 Gauen und 10 Untergauen in 7 Bisthümern und 108 geistlichen Bezirken in Franken, nebst einer Gau- und einer dieselbe begründenden Diöcesankarte [From place to place progressing boundaries of 31 Gaue and 10 sub- Gaue in 7 bishoprics and 108 ecclesiastical districts in Franconia, in addition to a Gau map and a corresponding diocese map ], 1875
Volume 2: Von Ort zu Ort schreitende Begrenzung von 40 Gauen und 39 Untergauen in 6 Bisthümern und 130 geistlichen Bezirken im Umfange der Provinz Hannover, nebst einer Gau- und einer dieselbe begründenden Diöcesankarte. [From place to place progressing boundaries of 40 Gaue and 39 sub- Gaue in 6 bishoprics and 130 ecclesiastical districts in the province of Hanover, in addition to a Gau map and a corresponding diocese map ], 1874
Volume 3: Von Ort zu Ort schreitende Begrenzung von 43 Gauen und 24 Untergauen in 6 Bisthümern und 110 geistlichen Bezirken in Altsachsen und Friesland, nebst einer Gau- und einer dieselbe begründenden Diöcesankarte. [From place to place progressing boundaries of 43 Gaue and 24 sub- Gaue in 6 bishoprics and 110 ecclesiastical districts in Old Saxony and Frisia, in addition to a Gau map and a corresponding diocese map ], 1875
Volume 4: Von Ort zu Ort schreitende Begrenzung von 60 Gauen and 11 Untergauen in 7 Bisthümern und 148 geistlichen Bezirken im Umfange des Slavenlandes, nebst einer Gau- und einer dieselbe begründenden Diöcesankarte. [From place to place progressing boundaries of 60 Gaue and 11 sub- Gaue in 7 bishoprics and 148 ecclesiastical districts in the lands of the Slavs, in addition to a Gau map and a corresponding diocese map ], 1876
Gaukarte und eine dieselbe begründende Diöcesankarte zu den Diöcesan- und Gaugrenzen Norddeutschlands. [ Gau map and a corresponding diocese map of the diocese and Gau borders of northern Germany ], 1876
Schultze, Walther (1896). Die fränkischen Gaue Badens [The Frankish Gaue of Baden ] (in German). Stuttgart: Strecker & Moser.
Müller, Ferdinand (1842).
Die deutschen Stämme und ihre Fürsten, oder historische Entwickelung der Territorial-Verhältnisse Deutschlands im Mittelalter [The German Tribes and their Princes, or the Historical Development of German Territorial Conditions in the Middle Ages ] (in German). Berlin.
References
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Hand-Atlas für die Geschichte des Mittelalters und der neueren Zeit (on Wikisource in German: 'Hand Atlas for the History of the Middle Ages and Modern Times)
^ Norbert Herler (Red.):
Laibstadt [
de ] – Ein Dorf verändert sich. Zum 25-jährigen Bestehen des Heimat- and Verschönerungsvereins Laibstadt 1976–2001. Heimat- and Verschönerungsverein Laibstadt, Laibstadt 2001, S. 19.
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"Geschichtlicher Atlas von Hessen: Die Gaue vor 900" [Historical Atlas of Hesse: The Gaue before 900]. Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (in German). 2006.
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r Puhl, Roland W. L. Die Gaue and Grafschaften des frühen Mittelalters im Saar-Mosel-Raum: Philologisch-onomastische Studien zur frühmittelalterlichen Raumorganisation anhand der Raumnamen and der mit ihnen spezifizierten Ortsnamen [The Gaue and Counties of the early middle ages in the Saar-Mosel area: Philological-onomastic studies of early medieval territorial organisation based on the territory names and their broken-down place names ] (in German). Vol. 13. Beiträge zur Sprache im Saar-Mosel-Raum . Saarbrücker Druck und Verlag, Saarbrücken, 1999 -and- Saarbrücken Universität, Dissertation, 1996.
ISBN
3-930843-48-X .
^
a
b
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d Droysens, Gerhard (1886).
Allgemeiner Historischer Handatlas [General Historical Hand Atlas ] (in German).
^
a
b Köbler, Gerhard (2014).
Historische Enzyklopädie der Länder der Deutschen [Historical Encyclopedia of the German Lands ] (PDF) (in German) (14 ed.). C.H.Beck.
ISBN
978-3406549861 .
^ Heimatkalender für den Landkreis Verden. Bd. 31, 1988,
ISSN
0948-9584 , S. 158.
^
a
b
c
Beschreibung des Oberamts Ehingen § Geschichtliche Denkwürdigkeiten (on Wikisource in German: 'Description of the Oberamt of Ehingen § Historically Notabilities')
^ Marie-Claire Gérard-Zai / GL: Ogoz in
German ,
French and
Italian in the online
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland .
^ Dobenecker, Otto (1892).
Hat es in Thüringen einen Gau Winidon gegeben?: Zeitschrift des Vereins für Thüringische Geschichte und Altertumskunde [Was there a Gau Winidon in Thuringia? : Journal of the Association for Thuringian History and Archeology ] (in German) (15 ed.). pp. 223–225.