A
grandfather clause (or grandfather policy or grandfathering) is a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases. Those exempt from the new rule are said to have grandfather rights or acquired rights, or to have been grandfathered in. Frequently, the exemption is limited; it may extend for a set time, or it may be lost under certain circumstances. For example, a grandfathered
power plant might be exempt from new, more restrictive pollution laws, but the exception may be revoked and the new rules would apply if the plant were expanded. Often, such a provision is used as a
compromise or out of practicality, to allow new rules to be enacted without upsetting a well-established logistical or
political situation. This extends the idea of a rule not being
retroactively applied.
Tablet computers (and similar devices) with screen sizes below eight inches which ran
Windows Phone 8 or
Windows Phone 8.1 featured a traditional Windows desktop with legacy app support, alongside the ability to run the newer
Metro-style apps. However, newer devices with sub-8-inch screens that ran the successor
Windows 10 Mobile operating system had no legacy app capability, and, as such, could only run apps downloaded from the
Windows Store. Most (if not all) owners of the older Windows 8 devices of that screen size class who upgrade to Windows 10 can still retain the old-style desktop and legacy app support, despite this upgrade.[1]
The
Windows operating system has had several exceptions in the past.
When
Windows NT 4.0 was ending extended support between 2004 and 2006, anyone using the OS no longer got security updates and were encouraged to upgrade to a newer OS or PC. However,
Microsoft allowed some companies and businesses to pay for additional support to give them time to migrate to newer operating systems like
Windows 2000 or
Windows XP. Paid support for NT 4.0 ended on December 31, 2006.[2]
When extended support for
Windows 7 ended on January 14, 2020, anyone using the OS no longer got security updates and were encouraged to upgrade to a newer OS or PC. However, Microsoft allowed companies and businesses that had the Professional and Enterprise
volume licensed editions of Windows 7 to pay for additional support to give them time to migrate to newer operating systems like
Windows 8.1 or
Windows 10. Paid support for Windows 7 ended on January 10, 2023.[3][4]
When support for
Windows 10version 1607 ended on April 10, 2018, anyone using Windows 10 1607 no longer got security updates and were encouraged to upgrade to a newer version of Windows 10 like version 1809. However, Microsoft allowed
Intel Clover Trail devices (which were no longer supported on newer versions of Windows 10) to still receive security updates until January 10, 2023.[5]
When support for
Windows 10version 1703 ended on October 9, 2018, anyone using Windows 10 1703 no longer got security updates and were encouraged to upgrade to a newer version of Windows 10, such as version 1809. However, Microsoft allowed
Surface Hub devices (which were no longer supported on newer versions of Windows 10) to still receive security updates for a longer period of time. Initially, the extended support for Surface Hub devices running Windows 10 1703 was to end on October 14, 2025. However, on May 15, 2018, Microsoft moved the extended support date to March 9, 2021 after it announced that the second-generation
Surface Hub 2S would be released in 2019.[6] Surface Hub devices running Windows 10 1703 are unsupported as of March 9, 2021.
Science
Some parts of bacterial taxonomy are "locked" in a problematic state due to prevailing use in medical and industrial communities. A more proper name accepted by the microbiologist might not be used at all.
Law
Many jurisdictions prohibit
ex post facto laws, and grandfather clauses can be used to prevent a law from having retroactive effects. For example: In the UK, the offence of
indecent assault is still charged in respect of crimes committed before the offence was abolished and replaced with
sexual assault (among others) by the
Sexual Offences Act 2003.
Many acts requiring registration to practice a particular profession incorporated transition or "grandfather sections" allowing those who had already practised for a specified time (often three or four years) to be registered under the act even if they did not have the training or qualifications required for new applications for registration. Examples are the
Nurses Registration Act 1901 in New Zealand and the
Nurses Registration Act 1919 in England and Wales.
Canada
In 1965, the Canadian government under Prime Minister
Lester B. Pearson passed legislation that required
senators to retire when they reached the age of 75. However, senators appointed before the legislation was passed were exempted from the mandatory retirement rule.[7]
During Canada's federal
Redistribution, a grandfather clause ensures that no
province can have fewer seats after Redistribution than it did in 1985.[9]
Macau
In 2012,
Macau increased the permitted age of entering casinos to 21. However, casino employees between the ages of 18 and 21 before the change were still permitted to enter their places of employment. This category was exhausted by the end of 2015.
United States
Section 1 of
Article Two of the United States Constitution Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution demands that the President be a natural born citizen of the United States. However, at the beginning there had to be another category of persons eligible for that office: those who were citizens of the United States at the time of the adoption of that Constitution. Without that provision, it would have required a strained reading to construe that all Presidents born in the colonial era were born in the United States, United States which did not exist prior to the
Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776.
In 1949, standards were passed requiring certain fire safety improvements in schools. However, older schools, such as the
Our Lady of the Angels School in Illinois, were not required to be
retrofitted to meet the requirements, leading to the deadly
Our Lady of the Angels School fire in which 92 students and three teachers died.
In 1951, the
United States ratified the
Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, preventing presidents from running for more than two full terms (or one full term, if they had served more than two years of another person's term). The text of the amendment specifically excluded the sitting president from its provisions, thus making
Harry Truman eligible to run for president in 1952—and, theoretically, for every subsequent presidential election thereafter—even though he had served a full term and almost four years of a
previous president's term. Truman was highly unpopular and lost the
New Hampshire primary by nearly 55% to 44%. Eighteen days later the president announced he would not seek a second full term.
In the 1980s, as states in the US were increasing the permitted age of drinking to 21 years, many people who were under 21 but of legal
drinking age before the change were still permitted to purchase and drink alcoholic beverages. Similar conditions applied when
New Jersey and certain counties in
New York raised tobacco purchase ages from 18 to 19 years in the early 2000s.[citation needed]
During the
Federal Assault Weapons Ban, certain firearms made before the ban's enactment were legal to own. Automatic weapons that were manufactured and registered before the
Firearm Owners Protection Act (enacted May 19, 1986) may legally be transferred to civilians.
According to the
Interstate Highway Act, private businesses are not allowed at
rest areas along interstates. However, private businesses that began operations before January 1, 1960, were allowed to continue operation indefinitely.
Michigan law
MCL 287.1101–1123 forbade ownership or acquisition of large and dangerous exotic
carnivores as pets. But animals already owned as pets at the time of enactment were grandfathered in, and permitted to be kept.[10]
The
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) stated that, as of March 1, 2007, all televisions must be equipped with digital tuners, but stores that had TV sets with analog tuners only could continue to sell analog-tuner TV sets.
In 1967, the FCC prohibited companies from owning both a
radio and a
television station in the same marketing area, but those already owned before the ruling were permanently grandfathered. For example,
ABC already owned
WABC-TV,
77 WABC and
WABC-FM (now WPLJ), and so could continue to own all three stations after the law was passed. But then-current broadcasting companies that had a radio station in a city could not acquire an adjacent television station, and companies that owned a television station in a city could not acquire adjacent radio stations. In 1996, the law was overturned. Companies can now own up to eight radio stations and two television stations in a market, provided that they do not receive more than 33% of that market's advertising revenues.
In 1984
Mississippi passed a law changing its official mode of capital punishment from the
gas chamber to
lethal injection. Under the new law, anyone sentenced after July 1, 1984, was to be executed by lethal injection; those condemned before that date were "grandfathered" into the gas chamber. Therefore, three more convicted murderers would die in the chamber—
Edward Earl Johnson and Connie Ray Evans in 1987, and Leo Edwards in 1989. In 1998, the Mississippi Legislature changed the execution law to allow all
death row inmates to be executed by lethal injection.
In 2014,
Kentucky radically simplified its
classification of cities, with the previous system of six population-based classes being replaced by a two-class system based solely on the type of government, effective January 1, 2015. In the old classification system, many cities had special privileges (notably in alcoholic beverage control, taxing powers, certain labor laws, and the ability to operate its own school system) based on their class; the new legislation contained elaborate provisions to ensure that no city lost a privilege due to the reclassification.[14]
Standards compliance
Strict
building codes to withstand frequent seismic activity were implemented in
Japan in 1981. These codes applied only to new buildings, and existing buildings were not required to upgrade to meet the codes. One result of this was that during the great
Kobe earthquake in 1995, many of the pre-1981 buildings were destroyed or written off, whereas most buildings built post-1981, in accordance with the new building codes, withstood the earthquake without structural damage.
Wigwag-style
railroad crossing signals were deemed inadequate in 1949 and new installations were banned in the United States. Existing wigwag signals were allowed to remain and 75 years later, there are still about 17 wigwag signals in use on railroads in the United States.
The
UK's national rail infrastructure management company
Network Rail requires new
locomotives and
rolling stock to pass tests for
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) to ensure that they do not interfere with signalling equipment. Some old
diesel locomotives, which have been in service for many years without causing such interference, are exempted from EMC tests and are said to have acquired grandfather rights.
Tolled highways that existed before the
Interstate Highway System are exempt from
Interstate standards despite being designated as Interstate highways. Many such toll roads (particularly the
Pennsylvania Turnpike) remain as such. However, tolled highways built since the Interstate system, such as the tolled section of
PA Route 60 and
PA Turnpike 576, must be built or upgraded to Interstate standards before receiving Interstate designation. Both highways are to be part of the Interstate system, with PA 60 now
I-376 and PA Turnpike 576 to become
I-576 in the near future.[timeframe?] As well, U.S. Interstate Highway standards mandate a minimum 11-foot median; however, highways built before those standards have been grandfathered into the system. The
Kansas Turnpike is the most notable example, as it has been retrofitted with a
Jersey barrier along its entire 236-mile (380-km) length.
The earliest Ontario
dual highways do not meet current standards; however, it would be prohibitively expensive to immediately rebuild them all to updated guidelines, unless a reconstruction is warranted by safety concerns and traffic levels. As a result, substandard sections of freeways such as low overpasses and short acceleration/deceleration lanes are often retrofitted with
guard rails, warning signage, lower speed limits, or lighting.
The United States
Federal Communications Commission has required all radio stations licensed in the United States since the 1930s to have four-letter
call signs starting with a W (for stations east of the
Mississippi River) or a K (for stations west of the Mississippi River). But stations with three-letter call signs and stations west of the Mississippi River starting with a W and east of the Mississippi River starting with a K—such as
WRR in Dallas,
WHO in Des Moines and
WHB in Kansas City, plus
KQV and
KYW in
Pennsylvania, all licensed before the 1930s—have been permitted to keep their call signs. In the western United States,
KOA in
Denver,
KGA in
Spokane,
KEX in
Portland, and
KHJ and
KFI in
Los Angeles, among many others, have been permitted to keep their original or reassigned three-letter call signs. In addition, a new or existing station may adopt a three-letter call set if they have a sister radio or TV station in that market with those calls (examples include
WWL-TVNew Orleans,
WJZ-FMBaltimore and
WGY-FMAlbany, New York). (Note that stations licensed in Louisiana and Minnesota, the two states with significant territory on both sides of the Mississippi, are allowed to use call signs starting with either W or K, regardless of their location with respect to the river.)
In aviation, grandfather rights refers to the control that airlines exert over "slots" (that is, times allotted for access to runways). While the trend in airport management has been to reassert control over these slots, many airlines are able to retain their traditional rights based on current licences.
In the UK, until 1992, holders of ordinary car
driving licences were allowed to drive
buses of any size, provided that the use was not commercial and that there was no element of "hire or reward" in the vehicles' use; in other words, no one was paying to be carried. The law was changed in 1992 so that all drivers of large buses had to hold a
PCV (PSV) licence, but anyone who had driven large buses could apply for grandfather rights to carry on doing so.[15]
Some
MOT test standards in the UK do not apply to vehicles first registered prior to the implementation of the legislation that introduced them. For example, vehicles first registered prior to January 1, 1973, are exempt from the requirement to use retro-reflective yellow/white
vehicle registration plates and vehicles first registered prior to January 1, 1965, are exempt from seat belt standards/legislation unless they have been retrospectively fitted.[16][17]
In some U.S. states, the inspection/maintenance (I/M) programs for
motor vehicle emission testing have a rolling chassis exemption, e.g. a motor vehicle model 25 years old or more is exempted from emission tests.
Today all tram drivers in Melbourne, Australia, are required to have full Victorian road vehicle licences but anyone who served as a tram driver before the rule was introduced was exempt from this requirement.[18]
In 1920, when
Major League Baseball introduced the prohibition of the
spitball, the league recognized that some professional pitchers had nearly built their careers on using the spitball. The league made an exception for 17 named players, who were permitted to throw spitballs for the rest of their careers.
Burleigh Grimes threw the last legal spitball in 1934.
In 1958, Major League Baseball passed a rule[19] that required any new fields built after that point to have a minimum distance of 325 feet (99 m) from home plate to the fences in left and right field, and 400 feet (120 m) to center. (Rule 1.04, Note(a)). This rule was passed to avoid situations like the
Polo Grounds (which had extremely short distance down the lines, 258 ft (79 m). to right and 280 ft (85 m). to left.) and the
Los Angeles Coliseum, (which had 251 ft (77 m). down the left field line). However, older ballparks that were built before 1958, such as
Fenway Park and
Wrigley Field, were grandfathered in and allowed to keep their original dimensions. Since the opening of Baltimore's
Camden Yards (1992), the "minimum distance" rule has been ignored.
Beginning in the
1979–80 season, the
National Hockey League required all players to wear
helmets. Nevertheless, if a player had signed his first professional contract before this ruling, he was allowed to play without a helmet if he so desired.
Craig MacTavish was the last player to do so, playing without a helmet up until his retirement in 1997. Other notable players include
Guy Lafleur and
Rod Langway, who retired in 1991 and 1993, respectively.[20] A similar rule was passed for NHL officials for the
1988–89 season; any official who started his career before the ruling could also go helmet-less if they so desired.[21]Kerry Fraser was the last referee who was not required to wear a helmet, until the ratification of the new NHL Officials Association collective bargaining agreement on March 21, 2006, required all remaining helmet-less officials to wear one. The NHL created a similar rule in 2013 requiring visors for players with fewer than 25 games' experience.[22]
Major League Baseball rule 1.16 requires players who were not in the major leagues before 1983 to wear a
batting helmet with at least one earflap. The last player to wear a flapless helmet was
the Florida Marlins'
Tim Raines in 2002 (career began in 1979). The last player eligible to do so was
Julio Franco in 2007 (career began in 1982), although he opted to use a flapped helmet.
For many decades,
American League (AL)
umpires working behind home plate used large, balloon-style chest protectors worn outside the shirt or coat, while their counterparts in the
National League wore chest protectors inside the shirt or coat, more akin to those worn by catchers. In 1977, the AL ruled that all umpires entering the league that year and in the future had to wear the inside protector, although umpires already in the league who were using the outside protector could continue to do so. The last umpire to regularly wear the outside protector was
Jerry Neudecker, who retired after the 1985 season. (Since 2000,
Major League Baseball has used the same umpire crews for both leagues.)
In 1991, the
Baseball Hall of Fame added a rule that anyone who was
banned from the MLB, living or deceased, will immediately be declared ineligible for induction to the Baseball Hall of Fame (the rule was passed following the banishment of
Pete Rose from the MLB two years earlier). However, anyone who was already enshrined in the Baseball Hall of Fame when they were banned would continue to be enshrined. The rule has allowed players like
Willie Mays,
Mickey Mantle, and
Roberto Alomar to remained enshrined in the Hall of Fame despite being banned from Major League Baseball after their enshrinement (although Mays and Mantle were later reinstated to Major League Baseball).
In 1999, the
Downtown Athletic Club added a rule that any
Heisman Trophies made since 1999 cannot be sold, and any player who tries to do so will be meet with a lawsuit (the rule was passed after
O. J. Simpson was forced to sell his 1968 trophy in February 1999 to pay part of the settlement of the civil trial in the
O. J. Simpson murder case). However, any existing Heisman Trophies awarded before 1999 can be sold.[23] After the Downtown Athletic Club went bankrupt in 2001, its successor, The Heisman Trophy Trust, upheld the rule. It has yet to be challenged in court by any post-1998 Heisman Trophy winner.
The NFL outlawed the
one-bar facemask for the 2004 season but allowed existing users to continue to wear them (even though by that time, the mask had mostly fallen out of favor, save for a handful of kickers/punters).
Scott Player was the last player to wear the one-bar facemask in 2007.
The
National Football League (NFL) currently prohibits corporate ownership of teams. Ownership groups can have no more than 24 members, and at least one partner must hold a 30% ownership stake. The league has exempted the
Green Bay Packers from this rule; the team has been owned by
a publicly owned, nonprofit corporation since 1923, decades before the league's current ownership rules were put in place in the 1980s.
Before 2022, five schools that are members of
NCAA Division III, a classification whose members are generally not allowed to offer
athletic scholarships, had been
specifically allowed to award scholarships in one or two sports, with at most one for each sex. Each of these schools had a men's team that participated in the NCAA University Division, the predecessor to today's
Division I, before the NCAA adopted its current three-division setup in 1973. (The NCAA did not award national championships in women's sports until 1980–81 in
Division II and Division III, and 1981–82 in Division I.) Three other schools were formerly grandfathered, but have either moved their Division I sports to Division III or discontinued them entirely. A change in Division III rules in early 2022 now allows any Division III school that sponsors a sport that does not have a Division III championship to award scholarships in that sport. It did not affect the aforementioned schools' ability to offer scholarships.
In 2006,
NASCAR passed a rule that required teams to field no more than four cars. Since
Roush Racing had five cars, they could continue to field five cars until the end of 2009.
In 1997, MLB prohibited all teams from issuing #42 in the future; current players wearing #42 were allowed to continue to do so. The
New York Yankees'
closerMariano Rivera was the last active player to be grandfathered in, wearing #42 until he retired after the 2013 season.[24] However, since 2009, all uniformed personnel (players, managers, coaches, umpires) are required to wear #42 (without names) on
Jackie Robinson Day.
In 2014, Robinson's alma mater of
UCLA, where he played four sports from 1939 to 1941, retired #42 across its entire athletic program. (The
men's basketball team had
previously retired the number for
Walt Hazzard.) Three athletes who were wearing the number at the time (in women's soccer, softball, and football) were allowed to continue wearing the number for the rest of their UCLA careers.[26]
The NFL introduced
a numbering system for the
1973 season, requiring players to be numbered by position. Players who played in the NFL in
1972 and earlier were allowed to keep their old numbers if their number was outside of their range for their position, although
New York Giants linebacker
Brad Van Pelt wore number 10 despite entering the league in 1973. (Linebackers had to be numbered in the 50s at the time; from
1984 through
2020, they were allowed to wear numbers in the 50s or 90s, and since
2021, they may wear any number from 1-59 and 90-99. Van Pelt got away with it because he was the team's backup
kicker his rookie season.)[27] The last player to be covered by the grandfather clause was
Julius Adams, a defensive end (
1971–
1985,
1987) for
the New England Patriots, who wore number 85 through the 1985 season. He wore number 69 during a brief return two years later.
Similarly, the NFL also banned the use of the numbers 0 and 00 (both treated a single number) for uniforms around the same time, but players
Jim Otto and
Ken Burrough used the number throughout the 1970s.
The
National Hot Rod Association is enforcing a grandfather clause banning energy drink sponsors from entering the sport if they were not sponsoring cars as of April 24, 2008, pursuant to the five-year extension of its sponsorship with Coca-Cola, which is changing the title sponsorship from Powerade to Full Throttle Energy Drink.
Even though tobacco advertising in car racing was banned, the
Marlboro cigarette brand, owned by
British American Tobacco in Canada and
Philip Morris International elsewhere, is grandfathered in to sponsoring a car in the F1 series on the agreement that the name is not shown in places that banned it.
NASCAR allowed some grandfathered sponsorships by energy drink brands in the top-level
Monster Energy Cup Series, while rules prohibited new sponsors in that category. Similar policies with regard to telecommunications companies were in effect when the series was sponsored by
Sprint. Additionally, some insurance company sponsorships were grandfathered in when the second-level series now known as the
Xfinity Series was sponsored by
Nationwide Insurance.
In 2013, the
Professional Bull Riders made it mandatory that all contestants at their events who were born on or after October 15, 1994, ride with helmets. Those born before that date were grandfathered in and permitted to ride with their cowboy hats if so desired.
In August 2014, the
Baseball Hall of Fame and the
Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) announced changes to the Hall of Fame balloting process effective with the election for the Hall's induction class of
2015. The most significant change was reducing the time frame of eligibility for recently retired players from 15 years to 10. Three players on the 2015 BBWAA ballot who had appeared on more than 10 previous ballots—
Don Mattingly,
Lee Smith, and
Alan Trammell—were exempted from this change, and remained eligible for 15 years (provided they received enough votes to stay on the ballot).[28]
In November 2015,
Little League Baseball changed its age determination date from April 30 to August 31—a calendar date that falls after the completion of all of the organization's World Series tournaments—effective with the 2018 season. The rule was written so that players born between May 1 and August 31, 2005, who would otherwise have been denied their 12-year-old season in the flagship Little League division, would be counted as 12-year-olds in the 2018 season.[29]
In December 2016,
French Rugby Federation (FFR) president
Bernard Laporte announced that all future members of France national teams in rugby union and rugby sevens would be required to hold French passports. At the time, eligibility rules of
World Rugby, the sport's international governing body, required only three years' residency for national team eligibility, and did not require citizenship. Players who had represented France prior to the FFR policy change remain eligible for national team selection.[30]
In December 2021, the
International Ice Hockey Federation announced at the time of abandonment of the
2022 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships that they intend to conclude the event later in the year, which was subsequently announced to be in mid-August 2022. Subsequent to the original plans for a restart, the IIHF announced players who participated in the event at time of abandonment, but exceeds the age limit of 20 years in between, will be eligible to participate in the restarted tournament.
On August 11, 2022, the
National Basketball Association announced that #6 would be retired league-wide to honor
Bill Russell, who had died on July 31. However, players already wearing #6 at the time of the announcement may continue to do so until their retirement.[31]
On March 6, 2024,
The R&A announced winners of
The Open Championship would be eligible to participate only until they turn 55. However, players who won The Open Championship in 2023 and prior years
Brian Harman the last) will keep eligibility until he turns 60.[32]
^"Lifecycle FAQ-Extended Security Updates". support.microsoft.com. Retrieved September 21, 2019. The Extended Security Update (ESU) program is a last resort option for customers who need to run certain legacy Microsoft products past the end of support.
^"Official Rules". Major League Baseball. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
^"Craig MacTavish". Edmonton Oilers Heritage Website. Archived from
the original on April 7, 2004. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
^Shoalts, David (April 28, 2000).
"Ex ref supports mandatory helmets". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 29 September 2019. The NHL has 60 referees and linesmen under contract and among them are 11 men who do not wear helmets. This is allowed through a grandfather clause in the collective agreement between the NHL Officials' Association and the league, which made wearing helmets mandatory beginning with the 1988–89 season. However, just as the NHL did with its players when helmets became compulsory for them in 1979, a grandfather clause was inserted in the agreement. All referees and linesmen who were employed on or before Sept. 1, 1988 did not have to wear a helmet.