The following is a list of
Pashtun or
Afghan empires and dynasties. It includes
states,
princely states,
empires and
dynasties in the regions of
Central,
Western and
South Asia which were founded by rulers or dynasties of Pashtun origin. This list also includes rulers and dynasties who are of disputed origin.
Taymanis (1565/6-1894), established by Tayman, a
Kakar Pashtun.[1] The Taymanis would conquer
Ghor in the late 1600s. During the decline of the Safavids,[2][3] the Taymanis conquered
Farah and
Isfizar under Dilawar Khan.[4] The Taymanis would go onto siding with the
Durrani Empire during their rise and gave troops to the Sadozais. The Taymanis began declining in the nineteenth century until finally being stripped of their privileges in 1894, ending Taymani rule in Ghor.[5]
Hotak dynasty (1709–1738), established by
Mirwais Hotak from
Kandahar, who declared independence from the Persian
Safavids. Hotak was a tribal chief of the
Ghilzai Pashtuns.[6][7] The Hotaki dynasty ruled over much of southern Afghanistan and most of
Iran (Persia) at its peak. The dynasty lasted until 1738 when it was overthrown by the
Afsharids of Persia under
Nader Shah.
Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1978). From the early nineteenth century to early twentieth century, the Barakzais were the
royal family of Afghanistan. The Barakzais ruled over the Emirate of Afghanistan.
Sur Empire (1538/1540—1556), founded by
Sher Shah Suri, a Pashtun military and political figure who belonged to the
Sur tribe of
Kakars.[35] The Sur dynasty ousted the
Mughals in north India and controlled areas encompassing, Pakistan, northern India and up to
Bengal, with Delhi as its capital. Sher Shah expanded the empires territory significantly until his accidental death in 1545, where he was succeeded by his son,
Islam Shah Suri.[36][37] The Empire began falling into civil war following Islam Shah's death.[38][39] The Surs were supplanted again by the Mughals in 1556 after a sixteen-year rule.[40][41]
Karrani dynasty (1564—1576), founded by
Taj Khan Karrani.[42] He hailed from the
Karlani tribe. He formerly served
Sher Shah Suri and had moved to Bengal. The Karrani dynasty ruled over all of
Bengal, as well as
Orissa and parts of
Bihar. It was the last dynasty of the
Bengal Sultanate. The Karrani were defeated by the Mughals, losing all their territory to the latter by the seventeenth century.
Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527), The Bahmani Sultanate was founded by
Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, who was of
Afghan, or
Turk origin.[47][48][49][50] According to the historian
Ferishta, he was of Afghan birth.[51] Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of
Brahman origin,[52] and that Bahman is a corrupted personalized form of Brahman,[53] with Hasan Gangu being Hindu Brahman who became Muslim.[54][52] however this has been discredited by Husaini, who explains why the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam is untenable.[55] The Bahmanis took power after an Afghan, Nasir-ud-din Ismail Shah, also known as Ismail Mukh,
led a rebellion against the
Tughlaq dynasty of the
Delhi Sultanate.[56] The rebellion was successful and Ismail Mukh
abdicated in favor of Alauddin, allowing him to establish an independent state in the
Deccan, with his headquarters at
Hasanabad. The Bahmanis were the first independent Muslim kingdom centred in the Deccan.[57]
Shah Mir dynasty (1339–1561) The Shah Mir dynasty was formed in 1339, founded by
Shah Mir. Modern scholarship differ on the origin of Shah Mir. However, most modern historians generally accept that Shah Mir was from
Swat in
Dardistan.[58][59][60][61][62][63] Some accounts trace his descent from the
rulers of Swāt.[a][65][66]Andre Wink puts forward the opinion that Shah Mir was possibly of Afghan, Turk, or even Tibetan origin.[67] The
Encyclopaedia of Islam also suggests a possible Afghan origin.[68] However, A.Q. Rafiqi believes that Shah Mir was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat.[60]: 311–312 Some scholars state that Shah Mir arrived from the Panjgabbar valley (Panchagahvara),[69] which was populated by Khasa people, and so ascribe a
Khāsa ethnicity to Shah Mir.[70][71] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the various versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara).[70] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family from Swat which accompanied the sage
Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani and were associated to the
Kubrawiya, a Sufi group in Kashmir.[58] Older sources and historians such as
Jonaraja state that Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (
Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Abu ’l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and
Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's
Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada’uni translated into Persian at
Akbar’s orders. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate.[60][69][70]
Lodi dynasty of Multan (970s–1010), The Lodi dynasty of Multan was founded by
Sheikh Hamid Lodi. Hamid Lodi's origins are disputed. According to some scholars, Hamid Lodi was supposedly a descendant of Sama (or Usama) Lawi who was son of Ghalib Lawi.[72][73] Other sources state that he was from the
Lodi tribe of
Pashtuns.[74][75][76] According to
Samuel Miklos Stern, the Lodi dynasty itself might have been fabricated as its mention only starts appearing with later historians like Firishta.[77]
Princely states
Several independent
princely states founded by Pashtuns existed during the
British Raj era. Most of the Pashtun region east of the
Durand Line was annexed by the British in the twentieth century, and formed the
North-West Frontier. The Pashtun
tribal agencies along the Durand Line, further west from the North-West Frontier, formed a
buffer zone between Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier of British India. Following the end of the Raj and the creation of Pakistan and India, the North-West Frontier and tribal agencies became part of Pakistan. The princely states were also given only two choices, the choice to formally accede to the
Dominion of Pakistan or
Dominion of India, depending on their geographical location. These princely states were eventually abolished and integrated into the federation (see
Former administrative units of Pakistan and
Political integration of India).
Rohilla Chieftaincies (1710–1857).
Ali Mohammed Khan, an ethnic Jat and honorary Pathan, founded the Rohilla state in western U.P. After his death in 1748, Rohilkhand split up into several independent Rohilla Chieftaincies. Notable Chiefs were
Hafiz Rahmat Khan,
Najib ad-Dawlah, Dundy Khan, and
Faizullah Khan (the son of Ali, also an ethnic Jat and honorary Pathan). In 1772 the total Rohilla armed forces were estimated at 80,000 cavalry and infantry.[78] Rohillas were the main allies of the Durranis in Third Panipat War in 1761. Most of the
Rohilla leaders were defeated in Anglo-Rohilla wars. Only
Rampur, under Faizullah Khan, survived as a princely state.
Orakzai dynasty was a dynasty which directly descended from the Orakzai tribe. Various branches ruled these princely states:
Bhopal State (1707–1949), a princely state existing from 1707 to 1949, although its origins date back to 1707 when the Bhopal State was established by
Dost Mohammad Khan, a Pashtun soldier in the
Mughal Army who belonged to the Mirazi Khel clan of the
Orakzai tribe from
Tirah[79] (located in the present-day
tribal areas of northwest Pakistan).[80] The state came under the suzerainty of the
Nizam of Hyderabad shortly after its foundation in 1723, and then came under the
Marathas in 1737 after their victory in the
Battle of Bhopal. It became a princely state in 1818, following the defeat of the Marathas in the
Third Anglo-Maratha War.
Islamnagar served as the first capital, followed by
Bhopal (in present-day
Madhya Pradesh). The city of
Islamnagar and
Bhopal was founded by Dost Mohammad Khan in 1716 and early 1720s. It was the second largest Muslim princely state in pre-independence India, after
Hyderabad State. In 1949, the state acceded to the
Dominion of India (see
Pathans of Madhya Pradesh for more information).
Kurwai State (1713–1948), founded by Muhammad Diler Khan, a Pashtun rising through merit in the Mughal Army. Muhammad Diler Khan belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the
Orakzai tribe, Diler Khan's state consisted of the town of
Kurwai and several surrounding villages in present-day
Madhya Pradesh. The town of
Kurwai was founded by Mohammed Diler Khan in 1715
Basoda State (1753–1947), established by Muhammad Ahsanullah Khan son of Muhammad Diler Khan founder of
Kurwai State belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the
Orakzai tribe, its headquarters were at
Ganj Basoda in present-day
Madhya Pradesh.
Mohammadgarh State (1818–1947), established by Muhammad khan son of Muhammad Ahsanullah Khan founder of
Basoda State belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the
Orakzai tribe, its headquarters were at
Muhammadgarh in present-day
Madhya Pradesh. The town of
Muhammadgarh was founded by Muhammed Khan and named by his name.
Bantva Manavadar (1733–1947), 1st Nawab, Diler Khan Salabat Muhammed Khan Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of
Gujarat province in
Mughal Empire. Dilawer Khan Salabat Muhammed khan Babi belonged to the
Babi or
Babai (Pashtun tribe) of Pashtuns. Its headquarters were at
Manavadar in present-day
Gujarat.[85]
Sardargarh Bantva (1733–1948), 1st Nawab, Khan Shri Sherzamankhanji Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of
Gujarat province in
Mughal Empire. Khan Shri Sherzamankhanji Babi belonged to the
Babi or
Babai (Pashtun tribe) tribe of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at
Bantva in present-day
Gujarat.[86]
Dir, small princely state comprising the present-day
Upper Dir and
Lower Dir districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. The state was founded in the seventeenth century by an Akhun Khel clan of the
Malizai sept of
Yusufzai tribe,[87] with
Dir serving as the capital. Dir nawab acceded to Pakistan in 1948. In 1969, the state along with the royal house was abolished.
Malerkotla State (1657–1948), The Malerkotla state was founded in 1454 A.D. by Sheikh Sadruddin-i-Jahan, a pious man of the
Sherani tribe of the Darban Kalan and Frontier Region of Drazinda. The State of
Malerkotla was established in 1657 by Bayazid Khan. Bayazid Khan was granted the privilege to build a fort, which he named Malerkotla and eventually gave its name to the state. On 3 May 1809 Maler Kotla became a British protectorate and was made part of the Cis-Sutlej states until 1862. Many local people attribute this peaceful strain to the presence of the shrine of 'Baba Haidar Sheikh', the Sufi saint, who founded the town of Malerkotla more than 500 years ago.
Pataudi State (1804–1947), established in 1804 by Nawab Faiz Talab Khan of
Barech tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and capital as
Pataudi[88]
Dujana State (1806–1948), established in 1806 by Nawab Abdus Samad Khan of
Yusufzai tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and situated in
Jhajjar district[89][90]
Tonk State (1806–1949), The founder of the state was
Muhammad Amir Khan an adventurer and military leader of pashtun descent and belonged to the
salarzai subtribe of the
Tarkani tribe and a
Rohilla. In 1817, upon submitting to the British East India Company, he kept his territory of Tonk and received the title of Nawab. While retaining internal autonomy and remaining outside British India, the state consisted of six isolated districts. Four of these were under the Rajasthan province, namely,
Tonk,
Chhabra,
Pirawa and
Nimbahera. The other two, Aligarh formerly
Rampura and
Sironj were in Madhya pradesh province.
Jaora State (1808–1948), founded by Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan, a Pashtun cavalry officer and a
Rohilla serving
Muhammad Amir Khan, the Pashtun founder of the princely state of Tonk. Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan also served the
Holkar ruler, annexing
Rajput territories in northern
Malwa. For his services, he was designated the title of a
nawab. His state existed in modern
Madhya Pradesh, comprising the tehsils of
Jaora, Barauda,
Tal and Barkhera, along with the dependencies of
Piploda and
Panth-Piploda.
Palanpur State (1370–1948), Palanpur state was founded in 1370 by Malek Khurram Khan and was ruled by the Jhalore dynasty,[91] of the
Lohani tribe a forebearer of the family is reputed to have wed the foster-sister of the Mughal emperor Akbar and received
Palanpur and surrounding areas as dowry.
Savanur State (1672–1948), Savanur State was founded in 1672 when Abdul Karim Khan, a Pathan of the Miyana or
Miani tribe, in the service of the
sultanat of Bijapur, was granted the jagir of Sarkar Bankapur near
Bijapur in 1672. His successors ruled over extensive territories almost independently for over a century. However,
Savanur was located between the increasing power of the Marathas and the equally powerful Nizam of Hyderabad, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, who ruled the Kingdom of Mysore. This gradually led to the erosion of Savanur's territory. By the second half of the eighteenth century, more than half of Savanur had been ceded to the Marathas. By the end of the century, Tipu Sultan had annexed the remainder. The occupation by the Kingdom of Mysore (Mahisur) had begun on 29 Oct 1786 and lasted until 17 December 1791. The name
Savanur is said to be the corruption of the Persian/Urdu word Shahnoor, which means 'king of light'.[92]
Princely Taluqdars, Jagirdars, Nawabs
Nanpara Taluqdari (1632–1947), the
Nanpara principality was founded by a Rasul Khan, he was appointed keeper of the fort at
Bahraich in 1632 by Emperor Shah Jahan in
Bahraich District. He was also granted five villages as jagir, and these five villages formed the core of what was to become the Nanpara Taluqdari. His descendant, Karam Khan taking advantage of the collapse of Mughal authority in the early 18th century, extended his rule over pretty much the entire district.[93] The Nanpara Taluqdari was one of the taluqdars (feudatory states) in British India. The title of "Raja" was conferred on the Nanpara House in 1763 by the Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula, the King of Oudh and has then recognized by British. With holding of 439 villages it was the largest Muslim taluqdars (landowners) in British India.[94][95]
^
ab"The Durrani dynasty". Louis Dupree, Nancy Hatch Dupree and others. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2010.
Archived from the original on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
^Know Your State West Bengal. Arihant Experts. 2019. p. 15. Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.
^Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526). p. 226. Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions . That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal.
^Satish Chandra (2007).
History of Medieval India:800-1700. Orient Longman. p. 93.
ISBN978-81-250-3226-7.
Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2022-11-23. The Khalji rebellion was welcomed by the non-Turkish sections in the nobility. The Khaljis who were of a mixed Turkish-Afghan origin, did not exclude the Turks from high offices, but the rise of the Khaljis to power ended the Turkish monopoly of high offices
^Mohammad Aziz Ahmad (1939). "The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. (1206-1290 A.d.)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 3. Indian History Congress: 832–841.
JSTOR44252438.
^Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1966).
The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. (Second ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 98.
OCLC575452554. His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks.
^Abraham Eraly (2015).
The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin Books. p. 126.
ISBN978-93-5118-658-8.
Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2022-10-10:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (
link)
^"Khalji Dynasty".
Encyclopædia Britannica.
Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2014-11-13. This dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was of Turkish origin, though the Khaljī tribe had long been settled in Afghanistan. Its three kings were noted for their faithlessness, their ferocity, and their penetration to the South of India.
^Hadi, Nabi (1995).
Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature. Abhinav Publications.
ISBN978-81-7017-311-3. Originally he belonged to a neighborhood of Bukhara, and after much wandering across the cities of the Islamic world, at last, came to settle in Mandu, capital city of the Independent Sultans of Malwah claiming descent from the Khalji clan, the Turko-Afghan mixture.
^Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 55.
ISBN9781789140101.
^Kolff, Dirk H. A. (2002). Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 103.
ISBN9780521523059.
^Jenkins, Everett (2015). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, Volume 1. McFarland. p. 257.
ISBN9781476608884. Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.
^Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse. Psychology Press. p. 181.
ISBN9780415329200. The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat.
^Wink, André (2020). The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE. Cambridge University Press. p. 87.
ISBN9781108417747.
^Kerr, Gordon (2017). A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse. Oldcastle Books Ltd. p. 160.
ISBN9781843449232. In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).
^Scott, Jonathan (2016). Ferishta's History of Dekkan from the first Mahummedan conquests: with a continuation from other native writers, of the events in that part of India, to the reduction of its last monarchs by the emperor Aulumgeer Aurungzebe: also, the reigns of his successors in the empire of Hindoostan to the present day: and the history of Bengal, from the accession of Aliverdee Khan to the year 1780. hansebooks. p. 15.
ISBN9783743414709. Some Authors write that he was descended from Bahman, one of the ancient kings of Persia. And I have seen a pedigree of him, fo derived (?), in the royal library of Ahmednagar: but am inclined to believe, such lineage was only framed upon his accession to royalty, by flatterers and poets, and that his origin is too obscure to be authentically traced. The apellation of Bahmani, he certainly took in compliment to Kango Brahmin, which is often pronounced Bhamen, and by tribe he was an Afghan.
^Ahmed Farooqui, Salma (2011). Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson. p. 150.
ISBN9789332500983.
^
abcBaloch, N. A.; Rafiq, A. Q. (1998). "The regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir: the historical, social and economic setting".
History of Civilizations of Central Asia(PDF). Vol. IV. Unesco. pp. 293–318.
ISBN923103467-7. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 28 October 2016.
^Wink, André (2004),
Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries, BRILL, p. 140,
ISBN90-04-13561-8, The first Muslim dynasty of Kashmir was founded in 1324 by Shah Mìrzà, who was probably an Afghan warrior from Swat or a Qarauna Turk, possibly even a Tibetan ...
^
abSharma, R. S. (1992),
A Comprehensive History of India, Orient Longmans, p. 628,
ISBN978-81-7007-121-1, Jonaraja records two events of Suhadeva's reign (1301-20), which were of far-reaching importance and virtually changed the course of the history of Kashmir. The first was the arrival of Shah Mir in 1313. He was a Muslim condottiere from the border of Panchagahvara, an area situated to the south of the Divasar pargana in the valley of river Ans, a tributary of the Chenab.
^
abcZutshi, N. K. (1976),
Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment, Nupur Prakashan, p. 7, "This area in which Panchagahvara was situated is mentioned as having been the place of habitation of the Khasa tribe. Shah Mir was, therefore, a Khasa by birth. This conclusion is further strengthened by references to the part of the Khasas increasingly played in the politics of Kashmir with which their connections became intimate after the occupation of Kashmir.
^"Lōdīs". referenceworks. Retrieved 2024-05-22. "The Lōdīs are related to a clan of the Ghilzay tribe of Afghanistān [see ghalzay] and ruled over parts of north India for 77 years. Afghāns came to the Indus plains from Rōh [q.v.] as early as 934/711-12 with the army of Muḥammad b. Ķāsim, the conqueror of Sind, and allied themselves politically with the Hindū-Shāhī [q.v.] rulers of Lahore, and receiving part of Lāmghān [see lāmghānāt ] for settlement, built a fort in the mountains of Peshawar to protect ¶ the Pandjāb from raids. During Alptigin's government at Ghazna, when his commander-in-chief Sebüktigin raided Lāmghān and Multān, the Afghans sought help from Rādjā Djaypāl who appointed their chief, Shaykh Ḥamīd Lōdī, viceroy of the wilāyats of Lamghān and Multān. Shaykh Ḥamīd appointed his own men as governors of those districts, and thereby the Afghāns gained political importance; their settlements stretched southwards from Lāmghān to Multān, incorporating the tracts of Bannū and Dērā Ismā'īl Khān. Later, a family of the Lōdī tribe settled at Multān, which was ruled in 396/1005 by Abu 'l-Fatḥ Dāwūd, a grandson of Shaykh Ḥamīd.