The following individuals are notable scientists and engineers from Ethiopia or of Ethiopian descent:
- Rediet Abebe (born 1991), Ethiopian-American computer scientist, mathematician and Junior Fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows.
- Zeresenay Alemseged (born 1969), Ethiopian-American paleoanthropologist; discovered Selam, a fossil child of the species Australopithecus afarensis.
- Berhane Asfaw (born 1954), archeologist and paleontologist; co-discovered skeletal remains at Herto Bouri now classified as Homo sapiens idaltu.
- Mulugeta Bekele (born 1947), professor of physics at Addis Ababa University.
- Yonas Beyene (born 1966), archaeologist with focus on the palaeoarchaeology of the Middle Awash.
- Sebsebe Demissew (born 1991), professor of plant systematics and biodiversity at Addis Ababa University and executive director of the Gullele Botanic Garden in Addis Ababa.
- Kitaw Ejigu (1948–2006), Ethiopian-American scientist and inventor; served as an aerospace engineer at NASA.
- Gebisa Ejeta (born 1950), plant breeder and geneticist; won the 2009 World Food Prize.
- Senait Fisseha (born 1971), endocrinologist at University of Michigan working with reproductive endocrinology and infertility.
- Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher (born 1940), environmental scientist and the general manager of the Environmental Protection Authority of Ethiopia.
- Timnit Gebru (born 1983), Ethiopian-American computer scientist and former co-lead of the Google Ethical Artificial Intelligence Team.
- Mitiku Haile (born 1951), professor of soil science and founding president at Mekelle University.
- Sossina M. Haile (born 1966), professor of materials science and chemical engineering at the California Institute of Technology.
- Segenet Kelemu (born 1957), molecular plant pathologist; Director General of the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology.
- Aklilu Lemma (1934–1997), physician; co-awarded the 1989 Right Livelihood Award.
- Jelani Nelson (born 1984), Ethiopian-American professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of California.
- Dessalegn Rahmato (born 1940), sociologist; awarded the 1998 Prince Claus Award.
- Legesse Wolde-Yohannes (born 1936), horticultural scientist; co-awarded the 1989 Right Livelihood Award.
- Giday WoldeGabriel (born 1955), geologist and archeologist; co-discovered skeletal remains at Herto Bouri now classified as Homo sapiens idaltu.
- Melaku Worede (born 1951), geneticist and agronomist; renowned for building one of the finest seed conservation centers in the world.
- Yohannes Haile-Selassie (born 1961), paleoanthropologist; curator of physical anthropology at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History; director of the Arizona State University Institute of Human Origins.