961–968
Landulf III, co-ruling with his brother (perhaps to 969, see directly below), also co-ruled from 959 (see directly above)
961–981
Pandulf I Ironhead, co-ruling with his brother (see directly above), also co-ruled from 943 (see above), also duke of
Spoleto (from 967),
Salerno (from 978), and
Capua (from 961)
968–981
Landulf IV, co-ruler, briefly sole duke in 981, then duke of
Capua (d.993)
In 1050, the Lombard co-princes were expelled from the city by the discontented citizenry. In 1051, the city was given to the pope. In 1053, the Normans who had occupied the duchy itself since 1047 (when the
Emperor Henry III gave permission to
Humphrey of Hauteville) ceded it to the Pope with whom they had recently made a truce.
The pope appointed his own rector, but the citizens invited the old princes back and, by 1055, they were ruling again; as vassals of the pope, however.
Grierson, Philip and Mark Blackburn, edd. Medieval European Coinage, 1: The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th Centuries). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Hallenbeck, Jan T. "Pavia and Rome: The Lombard Monarchy and the Papacy in the Eighth Century". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 72, 4 (1982): 1–186.
Wickham, Chris. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000. London: Macmillan, 1981.