Lichenomphalia is both a
basidiolichen and an
agaric genus.[2][3] Most of the species have inconspicuous lichenized
thalli that consist of scattered, small, loose, nearly microscopic green balls or foliose small flakes containing single-celled
green algae in the genus Coccomyxa,[4] all interconnected by a loose network of
hyphae. The agaric fruit bodies themselves are nonlichenized and resemble other types of
omphalinoid mushrooms. These agarics lack
clamp connections and do not form
hymenialcystidia. The
basidiospores are
hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, and
nonamyloid.[5] Most of the species were originally classified in the genera Omphalina or Gerronema.[6][7][8] Historically the species were classified with those other genera in the family, the
Tricholomataceae together with the nonlichenized species. Lichenomphalia species can be grouped into brightly colored taxa, with vivid yellow and orange colors, versus the grey brown group, depending upon the microscopic pigmentation deposits.
Molecular research comparing
DNA sequences now place Lichenomphalia close to the redefined genus Arrhenia, which together with several other genera not traditionally considered to be related, fall within the newly redefined
Hygrophoraceae.[9][10]
Etymology
Lichenomphalia is derived from the word
lichen combined with the old, shorter, generic name Omphalia from whence the more familiar, longer, diminutive generic name Omphalina was derived. Basically it means the lichen omphalias.
Thallus names and nomenclature
Long before the connection was made between the nonlichenized agaric fruitbodies and the lichenized thalli, botanists and lichenologists named the asexual lichen thalli of Lichenomphalia species several times in a number of genera.
Linnaeus in 1753 described the lichen thallus of L. umbellifera as an '
alga' named Byssus botryoides while simultaneously including the fruitbodies of L. umbellifera within his concept of Agaricus umbelliferus, the
basionym for the name L. umbellifera. Byssus botryoides is the
type species of the now officially rejected generic names Phytoconis and Botrydina.
Acharius in 1810 described the thalli of L. hudsoniana as a lichen, Endocarpon viride, which is the type of another officially rejected name, Coriscium. The names 'Botrydina' and 'Coriscium' are often used to describe the thalli of different Lichenomphalia even though they are rejected names listed in the
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Appendix V).[1] Prior to officially rejecting these names, the names Botrydina and Phytoconis were both applied to describe Lichenomphalia species. Hence literature on these lichenized agarics appears under a myriad of names, such as Omphalina, Gerronema, Phytoconis, Botrydina and Coriscium.
^Zoller, S.; Lutzoni, F.M. (2003). "Slow algae, fast fungi: exceptionally high nucleotide substitution rate differences between lichenized fungi Omphalina and their symbiotic green algae Coccomyxa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 29 (3): 629–640.
doi:
10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00215-X.
PMID14615198.
^Norvell, L.L.; et al. (1994). "Omphalina sensu lato in North America. 1-2: 1: Omphalina wynniae and the genus Chrysomphalina. 2: Omphalina sensu Bigelow". Mycotaxon. 50: 379–407.
^Lutzoni, F.M.; Vilgalys, R. (1995). "Omphalina (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) as a model system for the study of coevolution in lichenized fungi". Cryptogamic Botany. 5: 82–97.
^Neville, P.; Fouchier, F. (2009). "Une nouvelle espèce méditerranéenne de Lichenomphalia: L .cinereispinula Neville & Fouchier nov. sp". Bulletin Semestriel de la Fédération des Associations Mycologiques Méditerranéennes (in French). 36: 15–25.