The Lebombo bone is a
bone tool made of a baboon
fibula with incised markings discovered in
Border Cave in the
Lebombo Mountains located between
South Africa and
Eswatini.[1] Changes in the section of the notches indicate the use of different cutting edges, which the bone's discoverer, Peter Beaumont, views as evidence for their having been made, like other markings found all over the world, during participation in rituals.
The bone is between 43,000 and 42,000 years old, according to 24
radiocarbon datings.[2] This is far older than the
Ishango bone with which it is sometimes confused. Other notched bones are 80,000 years old but it is unclear if the notches are merely decorative or if they
bear a functional meaning.[3]
The bone has been conjectured[4] to be a
tally stick. According to The Universal Book of Mathematics the Lebombo bone's 29 notches suggest "it may have been used as a lunar phase counter, in which case African women may have been the first mathematicians, because keeping track of menstrual cycles requires a lunar calendar". However, the bone is broken at one end, so the 29 notches may or may not be the total number. In the cases of other notched bones since found globally, there has been no consistent notch tally, many being in the 1–10 range.[5]
^Francesco d’Errico et al. (2012) Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(33): 13214-13219. It is called a notched bone, illustrated in Fig. 1, 12 d'Errico, F.; Backwell, L.; Villa, P.; Degano, I.; Lucejko, J. J.; Bamford, M. K.; Higham, T. F. G.; Colombini, M. P.; Beaumont, P. B. (2012).
"Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (33): 13214–13219.
Bibcode:
2012PNAS..10913214D.
doi:10.1073/pnas.1204213109.
PMC3421171.
PMID22847420. [Layer] 1BS Lower B-C [is dated] between 43 ka and 42 ka.
^d'Errico, Francesco, Luc Doyon, Ivan Colagé, Alain Queffelec, Emma Le Vraux, Giacomo Giacobini, Bernard Vandermeersch, and Bruno Maureille. "From number sense to number symbols. An archaeological perspective." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1740 (2018): 20160518.