Kumma or Semna East is an archaeological site in
Sudan. Established in the mid-
12th Dynasty of Egypt, it served as a
fortress of
ancient Egypt in
Nubia. Along with
Semna, Kumma was built by the
PharaohSesostris III (1878 BC – 1839 BC). The forts protected the border between ancient Egypt and the southern areas.
Kumma is situated about 365 kilometres (227 mi) south of
Aswan, and 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of the
second cataract of the
Nile on the eastern bank. Semna is located on the other side. Both locations are flooded today because of the
Aswan High Dam on
Lake Nubia. The salvaged temple of
Khnum is rebuilt in the
National Museum of Sudan at
Khartoum.
References
Dows Dunham, Jozef M. A. Janssen: Second Cataract Forts. Volume 1: Semna, Kumma. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1960.
Fritz Hintze, Walter F. Reineke: Felsinschriften aus dem Sudanesischen Nubien. 2 Bände (Texte und Tafeln). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1989,
ISBN3-0500-0369-3, S. 98–102 (Publikation der Nubien-Expedition 1961–1963).
Stephan Johannes Seidlmayer: Historische und moderne Nilstände. Untersuchungen zu den Pegelablesungen des Nils von der Frühzeit bis zur Gegenwart. Achet, Berlin 2001,
ISBN3-9803-7308-8, S. 73–80 (Achet – Schriften zur Ägyptologie A, 1).