From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Kininogen-1 (KNG1), also known as alpha-2-thiol proteinase inhibitor , Williams-Fitzgerald-Flaujeac factor or the HMWK-kallikrein factor is a
protein
[5] that in humans is encoded by the KNG1
gene .
[6]
[7] Kininogen-1 is the precursor protein to
high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK),
low-molecular-weight kininogen (LMWK), and
bradykinin .
[5]
Expression
The KNG1 gene uses
alternative splicing to generate two different proteins:
high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) and
low-molecular-weight kininogen (LMWK). HMWK in turn is cleaved by the enzyme
kallikrein to produce
bradykinin .
Function
HMWK is essential for blood coagulation and assembly of the kallikrein-kinin system. Also,
bradykinin , a peptide causing numerous physiological effects, is released from HMWK. In contrast to HMWK, LMWK is not involved in blood coagulation.
[6]
Kininogen-1 is a constituent of the
blood coagulation system as well as the
kinin-kallikrein system .
See also
References
Further reading
Iarovaia GA (2001). "[Kallikrein-kinin system: novel facts and concepts (literature review)]". Voprosy Medit͡sinskoĭ Khimii . 47 (1): 20–42.
PMID
11385996 .
Matthews KW, Mueller-Ortiz SL, Wetsel RA (Jan 2004). "Carboxypeptidase N: a pleiotropic regulator of inflammation". Molecular Immunology . 40 (11): 785–93.
doi :
10.1016/j.molimm.2003.10.002 .
PMID
14687935 .
Scharfstein J, Schmitz V, Svensjö E, Granato A, Monteiro AC (2007).
"Kininogens coordinate adaptive immunity through the proteolytic release of bradykinin, an endogenous danger signal driving dendritic cell maturation" . Scandinavian Journal of Immunology . 66 (2–3): 128–36.
doi :
10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01983.x .
PMID
17635790 .
S2CID
26080663 .
Thompson RE, Mandle R, Kaplan AP (Oct 1979).
"Studies of binding of prekallikrein and Factor XI to high molecular weight kininogen and its light chain" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 76 (10): 4862–6.
Bibcode :
1979PNAS...76.4862T .
doi :
10.1073/pnas.76.10.4862 .
PMC
413037 .
PMID
291905 .
Kerbiriou DM, Griffin JH (Dec 1979).
"Human high molecular weight kininogen. Studies of structure-function relationships and of proteolysis of the molecule occurring during contact activation of plasma" . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 254 (23): 12020–7.
doi :
10.1016/S0021-9258(19)86421-9 .
PMID
500690 .
Colman RW, Bagdasarian A, Talamo RC, Scott CF, Seavey M, Guimaraes JA, Pierce JV, Kaplan AP (Dec 1975).
"Williams trait. Human kininogen deficiency with diminished levels of plasminogen proactivator and prekallikrein associated with abnormalities of the Hageman factor-dependent pathways" . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . 56 (6): 1650–62.
doi :
10.1172/JCI108247 .
PMC
333144 .
PMID
1202089 .
Gailani D, Broze GJ (Aug 1991). "Factor XI activation in a revised model of blood coagulation". Science . 253 (5022): 909–12.
Bibcode :
1991Sci...253..909G .
doi :
10.1126/science.1652157 .
PMID
1652157 .
S2CID
9262836 .
Cheung PP, Cannizzaro LA, Colman RW (1992). "Chromosomal mapping of human kininogen gene (KNG) to 3q26----qter". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics . 59 (1): 24–6.
doi :
10.1159/000133192 .
PMID
1733668 .
Fong D, Smith DI, Hsieh WT (Jun 1991). "The human kininogen gene (KNG) mapped to chromosome 3q26-qter by analysis of somatic cell hybrids using the polymerase chain reaction". Human Genetics . 87 (2): 189–92.
doi :
10.1007/BF00204179 .
PMID
2066106 .
S2CID
30895313 .
Schmaier AH, Kuo A, Lundberg D, Murray S, Cines DB (Nov 1988).
"The expression of high molecular weight kininogen on human umbilical vein endothelial cells" . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 263 (31): 16327–33.
doi :
10.1016/S0021-9258(18)37596-3 .
PMID
2460446 .
Takagaki Y, Kitamura N, Nakanishi S (Jul 1985).
"Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs for human high molecular weight and low molecular weight prekininogens. Primary structures of two human prekininogens" . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 260 (14): 8601–9.
doi :
10.1016/S0021-9258(17)39515-7 .
PMID
2989293 .
Kitamura N, Kitagawa H, Fukushima D, Takagaki Y, Miyata T, Nakanishi S (Jul 1985).
"Structural organization of the human kininogen gene and a model for its evolution" . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 260 (14): 8610–7.
doi :
10.1016/S0021-9258(17)39516-9 .
PMID
2989294 .
Ishiguro H, Higashiyama S, Namikawa C, Kunimatsu M, Takano E, Tanaka K, Ohkubo I, Murachi T, Sasaki M (May 1987). "Interaction of human calpains I and II with high molecular weight and low molecular weight kininogens and their heavy chain: mechanism of interaction and the role of divalent cations". Biochemistry . 26 (10): 2863–70.
doi :
10.1021/bi00384a030 .
PMID
3038169 .
Vogel R, Assfalg-Machleidt I, Esterl A, Machleidt W, Müller-Esterl W (Sep 1988).
"Proteinase-sensitive regions in the heavy chain of low molecular weight kininogen map to the inter-domain junctions" . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 263 (25): 12661–8.
doi :
10.1016/S0021-9258(18)37804-9 .
PMID
3045123 .
Maeda H, Matsumura Y, Kato H (Nov 1988).
"Purification and identification of [hydroxyprolyl3]bradykinin in ascitic fluid from a patient with gastric cancer" . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 263 (31): 16051–4.
doi :
10.1016/S0021-9258(18)37555-0 .
PMID
3182782 .
Kato H, Matsumura Y, Maeda H (May 1988).
"Isolation and identification of hydroxyproline analogues of bradykinin in human urine" . FEBS Letters . 232 (1): 252–4.
doi :
10.1016/0014-5793(88)80427-7 .
PMID
3366244 .
S2CID
32363670 .
Kellermann J, Lottspeich F, Henschen A, Müller-Esterl W (Jan 1986).
"Completion of the primary structure of human high-molecular-mass kininogen. The amino acid sequence of the entire heavy chain and evidence for its evolution by gene triplication" . European Journal of Biochemistry . 154 (2): 471–8.
doi :
10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09421.x .
PMID
3484703 .
Kellermann J, Thelen C, Lottspeich F, Henschen A, Vogel R, Müller-Esterl W (Oct 1987).
"Arrangement of the disulphide bridges in human low-Mr kininogen" . The Biochemical Journal . 247 (1): 15–21.
doi :
10.1042/bj2470015 .
PMC
1148362 .
PMID
3689342 .
Warn-Cramer BJ, Bajaj SP (Dec 1985). "Stoichiometry of binding of high molecular weight kininogen to factor XI/XIa". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 133 (2): 417–22.
doi :
10.1016/0006-291X(85)90922-2 .
PMID
3936495 .
Lottspeich F, Kellermann J, Henschen A, Foertsch B, Müller-Esterl W (Oct 1985).
"The amino acid sequence of the light chain of human high-molecular-mass kininogen" . European Journal of Biochemistry . 152 (2): 307–14.
doi :
10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09199.x .
PMID
4054110 .
External links