Keelhauling (
Dutchkielhalen;[1] "to drag along the keel") is a form of punishment and potential execution once meted out to sailors at sea. The sailor was tied to a line looped beneath the vessel, thrown overboard on one side of the ship, and dragged under the ship's
keel, either from one side of the ship to the other, or the length of the ship (from bow to stern).
History
There is limited evidence that keelhauling in this form was used by
pirate ships, especially in the
ancient world. The earliest known mention of keelhauling is from the Greeks in the Rhodian Maritime Code (Lex Rhodia), of c. 700 BC, which outlines punishment for piracy. There is an image on a Greek vase, for example, from the same era that is either a representation of
strappado — that is, hanging the victim over the water - or of a keelhauling proper. [2][3]
Several 17th-century English writers such as
William Monson[4] and Nathaniel Boteler[5] recorded the use of keel-hauling on English naval ships. However, their references are vague and provide no date. There seems to be no record of it in English ships' logs of the era, and naval historian
Nicholas Rodger has stated he knows of no firm evidence that it ever happened.[6][original research?] In 1880,
George Shaw Lefevre was confronted in Parliament with a recent report from Italy of a keelhauling on
HMS Alexandra, and denied that such an incident had taken place.[7]
Some historians believe keelhauling may have been introduced to the
Dutch Navy by
William of Orange.[8][9][10] On 11 October 1652, under
Jan Van Riebeeck's command, Jan Blank, a sailor, was keelhauled, whipped a total of 150 lashes, and then enslaved for 2 years as punishment for deserting the
VOC - he had deserted for just 9 days.[11][12] Perhaps the most graphic incident of it occurred in 1673 when
Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest punished sailors who committed murder.[13] It was an official, though rare, punishment in the Dutch navy,[14] as shown in the painting The keel-hauling of the ship's surgeon of Admiral Jan van Nes. This shows a large crowd gathered to watch the event, as though it was a "show" punishment intended to frighten other potential offenders, as was
flogging round the fleet. A contemporary description suggests it was not intended to be fatal:
Keel-Hauling, a punishment inflicted for various offences in the Dutch Navy. It is performed by plunging the delinquent repeatedly under the ship's bottom on one side, and hoisting him up on the other, after having passed under the keel. The blocks, or pullies, by which he is suspended, are fastened to the opposite extremities of the main-yard, and a weight of lead or iron is hung upon his legs to sink him to a competent depth. By this apparatus he is drawn close up to the yard-arm, and thence let fall suddenly into the sea, where, passing under the ship's bottom, he is hoisted up on the opposite side of the vessel. As this extraordinary sentence is executed with a serenity of temper peculiar to the Dutch, the culprit is allowed sufficient intervals to recover the sense of pain, of which indeed he is frequently deprived during the operation. In truth, a temporary insensibility to his sufferings ought by no means to be construed into a disrespect of his judges, when we consider that this punishment is supposed to have peculiar propriety in the depth of winter, whilst the flakes of ice are floating on the stream; and that it is continued till the culprit is almost suffocated for want of air, benumbed with the cold of water, or stunned with the blows his head received by striking the ship's bottom.[15]
A footnote in one source suggests that it may have evolved from the medieval punishment of
ducking.[16]
The term still survives today, although usually in the sense of being severely rebuked.[17]
In Season 1 Episode 1 of The Love Boat from 1977, the captain threatens Ms. McCoy to stop her from saying “um.”
In the 1990 video game The Secret of Monkey Island, the crew threatens to keelhaul Guybrush Threepwood if he tries to make them do their duties aboard his ship, even telling him the dictionary definition of keelhauling.
In Season 3 Episode 13 of SpongeBob SquarePants, Mr. Krabs threatens to keelhaul SpongeBob for accidentally hooking his millionth dollar on his fishing line.
"Keelhauled" is a song by
Alestorm written in 2008. The band wrote about the punishment and what happens during keelhauling.
In Season 4 Episode 3 of the
Starz series Black Sails, Blackbeard (Teach) is keelhauled several times by the Governor of Nassau, Woodes Rogers.
^Monson, William; Oppenheim, M. (Michael) (August 14, 1902).
"The naval tracts of Sir William Monson". [London], Printed for the Navy Records Society – via Internet Archive.
^The Dutch navy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Jaap R. Bruijn
^An Universal Dictionary of the Marine, W. Falconer, 1784 CE
^"'Ducking' at the main
yard arm is, when a malefactor by having a rope fastened under his arms and about his middle, and under his breech, is thus hois[t]ed up to the end of the yard; from whence he is again violently let fall into the sea, sometimes twice, sometimes three several times one after another; and if the offence be very foul, he is also drawn under the very keel of the ship...'". Dialogical Discourse of Marine Affairs, Nathaniel Boteler (1685)