Common to the genus Karenia, this species shares morphological characters such as a smooth
theca and a linear apical groove on its apex. At the same time, this species can be distinguished from its cogenerates on the basis of morphological characteristics within its
vegetative cells, including the location and shape of its
nucleus; the excavation of its
hypotheca; the characteristics of its apical and
sulcal groove extensions on the
epitheca; the shape of its cells, as well as their size and symmetry; the degree of dorsoventral compression; and the presence of an apical
carina.
Species that present said dorsoventral compression are shown to swim in a distinctive fluttering motion.[6][7]
^
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ISSN0022-3646.
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^McKenzie, L., Veronica Beuzenberg, and Paul McNabb. "Production of gymnodimine by Karenia selliformis. (Haywood et al)." Harmful Algae (2002): 160-162.
^Kharrat, Riadh; Servent, Denis; Girard, Emmanuelle; Ouanounou, Gilles; Amar, Muriel; Marrouchi, Riadh; Benoit, Evelyne; Molgó, Jordi (2008). "The marine phycotoxin gymnodimine targets muscular and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes with high affinity". Journal of Neurochemistry. 107 (4): 952–63.
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10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05677.x.
ISSN0022-3042.
PMID18990115.
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^Stewart, Michael; Blunt, John W; Munro, Murray Hg; Robinson, Ward T; Hannah, Donald J (1997). "The absolute stereochemistry of the New Zealand shellfish toxin gymnodimine". Tetrahedron Letters. 38 (27): 4889–4890.
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10.1016/S0040-4039(97)01050-2.
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^Munday, Rex; Towers, Neale R; Mackenzie, Lincoln; Beuzenberg, Veronica; Holland, Patrick T; Miles, Christopher O (2004). "Acute toxicity of gymnodimine to mice". Toxicon. 44 (2): 173–178.
doi:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.05.017.
ISSN0041-0101.
PMID15246766.
^Rhodes, Lesley, and Susie Wood. "Micro-algal and Cyanobacterial Producers of Biotoxins." Toxins and Biologically Active Compounds from Microalgae 1 (2014): 21.
Steidinger, Karen A.; Wolny, Jennifer L.; Haywood, Allison J. (2008). "Identification of Kareniaceae (Dinophyceae) in the Gulf of Mexico. (With 9 figures and 1 table)". Nova Hedwigia, Beihefte. 133: 269.
Yeung, P. K. K.; et al. (2005). "Characterization of a Karenia papilionacea-like dinoflagellate from the South China Sea". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 85 (4): 779–781.
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