Draft of the 1536 Treaty negotiated between Jean de La Forêt and
Ibrahim Pasha, a few days before his assassination, expanding to the whole
Ottoman Empire the privileges received in
Egypt from the
Mamluks before 1518.
Jean de La Forêt, also Jean de La Forest or Jehan de la Forest (died 1537), was the first official
French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, serving from 1534 to 1537.[1]Antonio Rincon had preceded him as an envoy to the
Ottoman Empire from 1530 to 1533. When Jean de La Forêt died in Constantinople in 1537, he was succeeded by Antonio Rincon as official ambassador.
Jean de La Forêt departed together with the returning
Ottoman embassy to France. On his way to Constantinople, Jean de La Forêt first landed in north Africa, where he offered
Hayreddin Barbarossa fifty ships and supplies in exchange for help against
Genoa.[2] He also asked Hayreddin to raid the coasts of Spain "with all manner of war".[3]
Jean de La Forêt arrived in the Ottoman capital in May 1534, accompanied by his cousin
Charles de Marillac and the scholar
Guillaume Postel,[4] and endeavored to exert French influence on Ottoman affairs.[1] He accompanied Suleiman to
Azerbaijan in the
Ottoman–Safavid War against
Persia, until they finally returned together to Constantinople in early 1536.[5]
Jean de La Forêt was directed to seek trading privileges, as well as religious arrangements and military agreements between France and the Ottoman Empire.[1] De La Forêt had also been instructed by Francis I to obtain "a million of gold, which will be no inconvenience to the
Grand Signior".[3] In exchange, Francis I proposed in his instructions to La Forêt: an ambassador, a perpetual treaty of alliance, trade and a promise "to hold all Christianity quiet, without war undertaken against him... in a universal peace", by weakening Charles V "until he can no more resist".[3]
Jean de la Foret also had secret military instructions to organize a combined offensive on Italy in 1535:[6]
Military instructions to Jean de la Forêt, by Chancellor
Antoine Duprat (copy), 11 February 1535.
"Jean de la Forest, whom the King sends to meet with the
Grand Signor [Suleiman the Magnificent], will first go from
Marseilles to
Tunis, in
Barbary, to meet sir Haradin, king of
Algiers, who will direct him to the Grand Signor. To this objective, next summer, he [the King of France] with send the military force he is preparing to recover what it unjustly occupied by the
Duke of Savoy, and from there, to attack the
Genoese. This king
Francis I strongly prays sir Haradin, who has a powerful naval force as well as a convenient location [Tunisia], to attack the island of
Corsica and other lands, locations, cities, ships and subjects of
Genoa, and not to stop until they have accepted and recognized the king of France. The King, besides the above land force, will additionally help with his naval force, which will comprise at least 50 vessels, of which 30
galleys, and the rest
galeasses and other vessels, accompanied by one of the largest and most beautiful carracks that ever was on the sea. This fleet will accompany and escort the army of sir Haradin, which will also be refreshed and supplied with food and ammunition by the King, who, by these actions, will be able to achieve his aims, for which he will be highly grateful to sir Haradin.[...]
To the
Grand Signor, Monsieur de La Forest must ask for a million in gold, and for his army to enter first in
Sicily and
Sardinia and establish there a king whom La Forest will nominate, a person who has credit and knows well these islands which he will retain in the devotion of, and under the shade and support of the King [of France]. Furthermore, he will recognize this blessing, and send tribute and pension to the Grand Signor to reward him for the financial support he will have provided to the King, as well as the support of his navy which will be fully assisted by the King [of France]."
Through the negotiations of de La Forêt with the
vizirIbrahim Pasha it was agreed that combined military operations against
Italy would take place, in which France would attack
Lombardy while the Ottoman Empire would attack from
Naples.[8]
Letter of Suleiman to Francis I in 1536, informing Francis I of the successful campaign of
Iraq, and acknowledging the permanent French embassy of Jean de La Forest at the Ottoman court.
In February 1536, de la Forêt obtained the signature of a commercial treaty called Capitulations (of which only a draft has been recovered), which was the foundation for French influence in the Ottoman Empire and the
Levant until the 19th century.[2][9] Suleiman seemingly had some doubts about French commitment, expressing: "How can I have trust in him? He has always promised more than he can carry out", referring to the lack of French commitment in 1534–35, when
Tunis was finally recaptured by
Charles V, but he nevertheless agreed to the alliance upon Francis I's invasion of
Piedmont in early 1536.[5][10]
The 1536 Franco-Turkish treaty allowed the French in the Ottoman Empire to be judged by their own laws, in a French
Consular court (a status the Venetians had already been granted), exemption from the usual
taxes and dues levied upon non-Muslim foreigners, and trading concessions.[9] This treaty offered guaranties (especially
extraterritoriality) that would become the model for future "
unequal treaties" between European and Asian powers.[11] By this agreement, French law courts, churches and valuables would all remain extraterritorial in the Ottoman Empire.[10] In a sense, French possessions in the Ottoman Empire would become the first foreign possessions of the French Crown, effectively a Crown Colony of France.[10] The French protectorate also extended to the
Holy Places of
Jerusalem.[12] By 1620, one third of France's foreign trade was done with the Ottoman Empire.[13]
The commercial treaty actually was something of a façade for Jean de La Forêt, whose main role was actually to coordinate military collaboration between France and the Ottoman Empire.[11] The commercial treaty however would become prominent from the second half of the 16th century.[11]
Once the treaty with the Turks was secured, Francis I invaded
Savoy in 1536,[5][11] starting the
Italian War of 1536–1538. A Franco-Turkish fleet was stationed in
Marseille by the end of 1536, threatening
Genoa.[14] In 1537
Hayreddin Barbarossa raided the Italian coast and laid siege to
Corfu, although this provided only limited assistance to the French.[14] With Charles V unsuccessful in battle and squeezed between the French invaders and the Ottomans,
Francis I and
Charles V ultimately made peace at the Truce of Nice, 18 June 1538.[15] La Forêt died at
Constantinople in the following year. Charles V would turn his efforts against the Ottomans, only to lose the
Battle of Preveza on 28 September 1538.
The
vizier died soon after the treaty was made in 1536, and there is doubt whether the treaty was formally ratified at this point, since only an archived draft has been found. The treaty of alliance between France and the Ottoman Empire would eventually be ratified later in 1569 through ambassador
Claude du Bourg.[16]Suleiman nevertheless respected the content of the agreement, and launched his armies, awaiting for the French offensive.[8]
Scientific mission
Jean de La Forêt was accompanied on his embassy by the French linguist and writer
Guillaume Postel,[17] who led the scientific research of the mission, and made an extremely positive account of the Ottoman civilization and its educational, judicial and
welfare systems in his De Orbis terrae concordia libri quattuor.[18]