The former contentious species, Himantura tutul[7] has had its validity disputed[8] and has been considered a
junior synonym of H. uarnak by the
Catalog of Fishes.[9] However, H. tutul was previously confused not with H. uarnak, but with H. leoparda, and subsequently shown to be genetically distinct and reproductively isolated from both H. uarnak and H. leoparda.[10][11][12] Both adult H. leoparda and H. tutul present leopard-like ocellated spots. These are smaller and less numerous in H. tutul.[7][10][11]
^Last, P.R.; Naylor, G.J.; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M. (2016). "A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights". Zootaxa. 4139 (3): 345–368.
doi:
10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2.
PMID27470808.
^Weigmann, S. (2016). "Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity". Journal of Fish Biology. 88 (3): 837–1037.
doi:
10.1111/jfb.12874.
PMID26860638.
^Eschmeyer, W.N.; R. Fricke; R. van der Laan (24 April 2018).
"Catalog of Fishes". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 24 April 2018.