Tactile system for encoding mathematical and scientific notation
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are a method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using
braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called GS8. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called GS6.
[1]
The codes were developed as a replacement for
Nemeth Braille by
John A. Gardner, a physicist at
Oregon State University, and Norberto Salinas, an Argentinian mathematician.
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are an example of a compact human-readable
markup language. The syntax is based on the
LaTeX system for scientific typesetting.[
citation needed]
Table of Gardner–Salinas 8-dot (GS8) braille
The set of lower-case letters, the period, comma, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, apostrophe, and opening and closing double quotes are the same as in Grade-2
English Braille.
[1]
Digits
Apart from 0, this is the same as the
Antoine notation used in
French and
Luxembourgish Braille.
Upper-case letters
GS8 upper-case letters are indicated by the same cell as standard English braille (and GS8) lower-case letters, with dot #7 added.
Symbol |
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L |
M
|
Braille
|
![⡁ (braille pattern dots-17)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Braille8_Dots-17.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-17.svg.png) |
![⡃ (braille pattern dots-127)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Braille8_Dots-127.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-127.svg.png) |
![⡉ (braille pattern dots-147)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Braille8_Dots-147.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-147.svg.png) |
![⡙ (braille pattern dots-1457)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Braille8_Dots-1457.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1457.svg.png) |
![⡑ (braille pattern dots-157)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Braille8_Dots-157.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-157.svg.png) |
![⡋ (braille pattern dots-1247)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Braille8_Dots-1427.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1427.svg.png) |
![⡛ (braille pattern dots-12457)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Braille8_Dots-14257.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14257.svg.png) |
![⡓ (braille pattern dots-1257)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Braille8_Dots-1257.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1257.svg.png) |
![⡊ (braille pattern dots-247)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Braille8_Dots-427.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-427.svg.png) |
![⡚ (braille pattern dots-2457)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Braille8_Dots-4257.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4257.svg.png) |
![⡅ (braille pattern dots-137)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Braille8_Dots-137.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-137.svg.png) |
![⡇ (braille pattern dots-1237)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Braille8_Dots-1237.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1237.svg.png) |
|
Symbol |
N |
O |
P |
Q |
R |
S |
T |
U |
V |
W |
X |
Y |
Z
|
Braille
|
![⡝ (braille pattern dots-13457)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Braille8_Dots-14537.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14537.svg.png) |
![⡕ (braille pattern dots-1357)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Braille8_Dots-1537.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1537.svg.png) |
![⡏ (braille pattern dots-12347)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille8_Dots-14237.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14237.svg.png) |
![⡟ (braille pattern dots-123457)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Braille8_Dots-142537.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-142537.svg.png) |
![⡗ (braille pattern dots-12357)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Braille8_Dots-12537.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-12537.svg.png) |
![⡎ (braille pattern dots-2347)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Braille8_Dots-4237.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4237.svg.png) |
![⡞ (braille pattern dots-23457)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille8_Dots-42537.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42537.svg.png) |
![⡥ (braille pattern dots-1367)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Braille8_Dots-1367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1367.svg.png) |
![⡧ (braille pattern dots-12367)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Braille8_Dots-12367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-12367.svg.png) |
![⡺ (braille pattern dots-24567)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Braille8_Dots-42567.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42567.svg.png) |
![⡭ (braille pattern dots-13467)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Braille8_Dots-14367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14367.svg.png) |
![⡽ (braille pattern dots-134567)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Braille8_Dots-145367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-145367.svg.png) |
|
Compare
Luxembourgish Braille.
Greek letters
Dot 8 is added to the letter forms of
International Greek Braille to derive Greek letters:
Symbol |
α |
β |
γ |
δ |
ε |
ζ |
η |
θ |
ι |
κ |
λ |
μ
|
Braille
|
![⢁ (braille pattern dots-18)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Braille8_Dots-18.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-18.svg.png) |
![⢃ (braille pattern dots-128)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille8_Dots-128.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-128.svg.png) |
![⢛ (braille pattern dots-12458)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Braille8_Dots-14258.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14258.svg.png) |
![⢙ (braille pattern dots-1458)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Braille8_Dots-1458.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1458.svg.png) |
![⢑ (braille pattern dots-158)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Braille8_Dots-158.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-158.svg.png) |
![⢵ (braille pattern dots-13568)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Braille8_Dots-15368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-15368.svg.png) |
![⢱ (braille pattern dots-1568)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille8_Dots-1568.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1568.svg.png) |
![⢹ (braille pattern dots-14568)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Braille8_Dots-14568.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14568.svg.png) |
![⢊ (braille pattern dots-248)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Braille8_Dots-428.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-428.svg.png) |
![⢅ (braille pattern dots-138)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Braille8_Dots-138.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-138.svg.png) |
![⢇ (braille pattern dots-1238)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Braille8_Dots-1238.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1238.svg.png) |
|
Symbol |
ν |
ξ |
ο |
π |
ρ |
σ |
τ |
υ |
φ |
χ |
ψ |
ω
|
Braille
|
![⢝ (braille pattern dots-13458)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Braille8_Dots-14538.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14538.svg.png) |
![⢭ (braille pattern dots-13468)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Braille8_Dots-14368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14368.svg.png) |
![⢕ (braille pattern dots-1358)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Braille8_Dots-1538.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1538.svg.png) |
![⢏ (braille pattern dots-12348)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille8_Dots-14238.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14238.svg.png) |
![⢗ (braille pattern dots-12358)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Braille8_Dots-12538.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-12538.svg.png) |
![⢎ (braille pattern dots-2348)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Braille8_Dots-4238.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4238.svg.png) |
![⢞ (braille pattern dots-23458)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Braille8_Dots-42538.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42538.svg.png) |
![⢥ (braille pattern dots-1368)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Braille8_Dots-1368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1368.svg.png) |
![⢋ (braille pattern dots-1248)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Braille8_Dots-1428.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1428.svg.png) |
![⢯ (braille pattern dots-123468)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille8_Dots-142368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-142368.svg.png) |
![⢽ (braille pattern dots-134568)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Braille8_Dots-145368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-145368.svg.png) |
|
Symbol |
Γ |
Δ |
Θ |
Λ |
Ξ |
Π |
Σ |
Υ |
Φ |
Ψ |
Ω
|
Braille
|
![⣛ (braille pattern dots-124578)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Braille8_Dots-142578.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-142578.svg.png) |
![⣙ (braille pattern dots-14578)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Braille8_Dots-14578.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14578.svg.png) |
![⣹ (braille pattern dots-145678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Braille8_Dots-145678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-145678.svg.png) |
![⣇ (braille pattern dots-12378)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Braille8_Dots-12378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-12378.svg.png) |
![⣭ (braille pattern dots-134678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Braille8_Dots-143678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-143678.svg.png) |
![⣏ (braille pattern dots-123478)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille8_Dots-142378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-142378.svg.png) |
![⣎ (braille pattern dots-23478)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Braille8_Dots-42378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42378.svg.png) |
![⣥ (braille pattern dots-13678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Braille8_Dots-13678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-13678.svg.png) |
![⣋ (braille pattern dots-12478)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Braille8_Dots-14278.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14278.svg.png) |
![⣽ (braille pattern dots-1345678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille8_Dots-1453678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1453678.svg.png) |
|
Characters differing from English Braille
Symbol |
Parentheses |
Brackets |
single quote |
|
open |
close |
open |
close |
open |
close |
?
|
Braille
|
![⢆ (braille pattern dots-238)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Braille8_Dots-238.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-238.svg.png) |
![⡘ (braille pattern dots-457)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Braille8_Dots-457.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-457.svg.png) |
![⣦ (braille pattern dots-23678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Braille8_Dots-23678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-23678.svg.png) |
![⣴ (braille pattern dots-35678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Braille8_Dots-53678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-53678.svg.png) |
![⣄ (braille pattern dots-378)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille8_Dots-378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-378.svg.png) |
![⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Braille8_Dots-3.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-3.svg.png) |
|
ASCII symbols and mathematical operators
Symbol |
" |
$ |
& |
@ |
\ |
^ |
_ |
` |
{ |
} |
~
|
Braille
|
![⣒ (braille pattern dots-2578)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Braille8_Dots-2578.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-2578.svg.png) |
![⡼ (braille pattern dots-34567)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille8_Dots-45367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-45367.svg.png) |
![⠯ (braille pattern dots-12346)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Braille8_Dots-14236.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14236.svg.png) |
![⢌ (braille pattern dots-348)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Braille8_Dots-438.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-438.svg.png) |
![⣡ (braille pattern dots-1678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Braille8_Dots-1678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1678.svg.png) |
![⡐ (braille pattern dots-57)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille8_Dots-57.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-57.svg.png) |
![⢂ (braille pattern dots-28)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Braille8_Dots-28.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-28.svg.png) |
![⣄ (braille pattern dots-378)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille8_Dots-378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-378.svg.png) |
![⣷ (braille pattern dots-1235678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Braille8_Dots-1253678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1253678.svg.png) |
![⣾ (braille pattern dots-2345678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Braille8_Dots-4253678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4253678.svg.png) |
|
Symbol |
# |
% |
* |
+ |
/ |
< |
= |
> |
× |
· |
÷
|
Braille
|
![⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Braille8_Dots-4536.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4536.svg.png) |
![⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Braille8_Dots-4253.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4253.svg.png) |
![⢜ (braille pattern dots-3458)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Braille8_Dots-4538.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4538.svg.png) |
![⡒ (braille pattern dots-257)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Braille8_Dots-257.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-257.svg.png) |
![⣌ (braille pattern dots-3478)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Braille8_Dots-4378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4378.svg.png) |
![⢔ (braille pattern dots-358)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Braille8_Dots-538.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-538.svg.png) |
![⣶ (braille pattern dots-235678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille8_Dots-253678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-253678.svg.png) |
![⡢ (braille pattern dots-267)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille8_Dots-267.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-267.svg.png) |
![⣂ (braille pattern dots-278)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Braille8_Dots-278.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-278.svg.png) |
![⢒ (braille pattern dots-258)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Braille8_Dots-258.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-258.svg.png) |
|
Text symbols
Math and science symbols
Symbol |
~ |
≈ |
≡ |
∝ |
|x| (abs. value) |
∞ |
∫ |
line ∫ |
closed ∫
|
Braille
|
![⡶ (braille pattern dots-23567)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Braille8_Dots-25367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-25367.svg.png) |
![⢶ (braille pattern dots-23568)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Braille8_Dots-25368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-25368.svg.png) |
![⣿ (braille pattern dots-12345678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Braille8_Dots-14253678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14253678.svg.png) |
![⣤ (braille pattern dots-3678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Braille8_Dots-3678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-3678.svg.png) |
![⢳ (braille pattern dots-12568)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Braille8_Dots-12568.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-12568.svg.png) |
![⢓ (braille pattern dots-1258)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Braille8_Dots-1258.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1258.svg.png) |
![⣮ (braille pattern dots-234678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Braille8_Dots-423678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-423678.svg.png) |
![⡮ (braille pattern dots-23467)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Braille8_Dots-42367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42367.svg.png) |
|
Symbol |
〈 |
〉 |
∇ |
∂ |
... |
→ |
← |
○ |
ℵ |
∈ |
⇌
|
Braille
|
![⣪ (braille pattern dots-24678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Braille8_Dots-42678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42678.svg.png) |
![⣕ (braille pattern dots-13578)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille8_Dots-15378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-15378.svg.png) |
![⣩ (braille pattern dots-14678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Braille8_Dots-14678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-14678.svg.png) |
![⢩ (braille pattern dots-1468)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Braille8_Dots-1468.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1468.svg.png) |
![⢤ (braille pattern dots-368)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Braille8_Dots-368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-368.svg.png) |
![⡦ (braille pattern dots-2367)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Braille8_Dots-2367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-2367.svg.png) |
![⢴ (braille pattern dots-3568)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Braille8_Dots-5368.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-5368.svg.png) |
![⢚ (braille pattern dots-2458)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille8_Dots-4258.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4258.svg.png) |
![⣱ (braille pattern dots-15678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Braille8_Dots-15678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-15678.svg.png) |
![⣑ (braille pattern dots-1578)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Braille8_Dots-1578.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-1578.svg.png) |
|
Markup
Symbol |
Superscript |
Subscript |
Left-superscript |
Left-subscript |
Begin fraction |
Denominator |
End fraction |
Over *
|
Braille
|
![⠔ (braille pattern dots-35)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille8_Dots-53.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-53.svg.png) |
![⠢ (braille pattern dots-26)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Braille8_Dots-26.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-26.svg.png) |
![⣔ (braille pattern dots-3578)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Braille8_Dots-5378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-5378.svg.png) |
![⣢ (braille pattern dots-2678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Braille8_Dots-2678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-2678.svg.png) |
![⠷ (braille pattern dots-12356)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille8_Dots-12536.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-12536.svg.png) |
![⠌ (braille pattern dots-34)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Braille8_Dots-43.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-43.svg.png) |
![⠾ (braille pattern dots-23456)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Braille8_Dots-42536.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-42536.svg.png) |
|
* Encodes the fraction-slash for the single adjacent digits/letters as numerator and denominator.
Symbol
|
√
|
complex radicand *
|
displayed equation **
|
math expressions **
|
hyperlink **
|
Open
|
Close
|
Open
|
Close
|
Open
|
Close
|
Open
|
Close
|
Braille
|
![⢪ (braille pattern dots-2468)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Braille8_Dots-4268.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4268.svg.png) |
![⣆ (braille pattern dots-2378)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille8_Dots-2378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-2378.svg.png) |
![⣰ (braille pattern dots-5678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Braille8_Dots-5678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-5678.svg.png) |
![⣧ (braille pattern dots-123678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Braille8_Dots-123678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-123678.svg.png) |
![⣼ (braille pattern dots-345678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Braille8_Dots-453678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-453678.svg.png) |
![⣖ (braille pattern dots-23578)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille8_Dots-25378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-25378.svg.png) |
![⣲ (braille pattern dots-25678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Braille8_Dots-25678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-25678.svg.png) |
![⣖ (braille pattern dots-23578)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille8_Dots-25378.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-25378.svg.png) |
|
* Used for any > 1 digit radicand.
** Used for markup to represent inkprint text.
Symbol |
Array |
|
|
|
Begin |
End |
End element |
End line |
vert. stack |
horiz. combo |
superposition
|
Braille
|
![⢄ (braille pattern dots-38)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Braille8_Dots-38.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-38.svg.png) |
![⡠ (braille pattern dots-67)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Braille8_Dots-67.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-67.svg.png) |
![⡂ (braille pattern dots-27)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Braille8_Dots-27.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-27.svg.png) |
![⡆ (braille pattern dots-237)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Braille8_Dots-237.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-237.svg.png) |
![⡬ (braille pattern dots-3467)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Braille8_Dots-4367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4367.svg.png) |
![⣬ (braille pattern dots-34678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Braille8_Dots-43678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-43678.svg.png) |
|
Symbol |
Misc. Symbol * |
|
|
Modifiers
|
Begin |
End |
Quantity |
Markup indicator |
Inverted |
Stroke/Not |
Variant |
Large
|
Braille
|
![⡄ (braille pattern dots-37)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Braille8_Dots-37.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-37.svg.png) |
![⡀ (braille pattern dots-7)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Braille8_Dots-7.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-7.svg.png) |
![⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille8_Dots-142536.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-142536.svg.png) |
![⡤ (braille pattern dots-367)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Braille8_Dots-367.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-367.svg.png) |
![⣀ (braille pattern dots-78)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Braille8_Dots-78.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-78.svg.png) |
![⡌ (braille pattern dots-347)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille8_Dots-437.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-437.svg.png) |
![⢡ (braille pattern dots-168)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Braille8_Dots-168.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-168.svg.png) |
|
Typeface indicators
Symbol |
Script |
Bold |
Italic |
Underline |
Definable font 1 |
Fractur |
Roman |
Underline
|
Braille
|
![⢈ (braille pattern dots-48)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Braille8_Dots-48.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-48.svg.png) |
![⢘ (braille pattern dots-458)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Braille8_Dots-458.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-458.svg.png) |
![⢨ (braille pattern dots-468)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Braille8_Dots-468.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-468.svg.png) |
![⢸ (braille pattern dots-4568)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Braille8_Dots-4568.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4568.svg.png) |
![⣈ (braille pattern dots-478)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Braille8_Dots-478.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-478.svg.png) |
![⣘ (braille pattern dots-4578)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Braille8_Dots-4578.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4578.svg.png) |
![⣨ (braille pattern dots-4678)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Braille8_Dots-4678.svg/40px-Braille8_Dots-4678.svg.png) |
|
Shape symbols
Set theory
References