Galashians[a] (
Ingush: Галашкахой, romanized: Galashkakhoy), were a historical
Ingush ethnoterritorial
society,[b] which formed in the middle of the 18th century. The name comes from the village of
Galashki, which is geographically located in the very center of the society. Galashians were located in the middle and lower reaches of the river
Assa and the basin of the river
Fortanga.
History
Formation of the Society
The Galashian society formed in the second half of 18th century[22] from the mountain Ingush that settled in lowlands between
Assa and
Fortanga rivers.[23] The
Orstkhoy and Ghalghai (
Tsorin and
Khamkhin)
societies played the greatest role in the formation of the Galashian society.[24][c] The settlements of the Galashians are first recorded on the map of 1768, where they are marked as Galachi at the confluence of the Assa river into the
Sunzha river.[27]
Caucasian War
During the
Caucasian War, the Galashians bitterly resisted the Russian expansion in the region and were commonly referred as "un-ruly"[28] or "half-conquered" by the
Russian Empire, as they never really did bow under the Russian rule and continued on making raids on Russian royal fortifications and settlements.[29]
The Galashians actively participated on the side of
Imamate,[18] so on March of 1840, the Galashian and
Karabulak (Orstkhoy)
societies participated in the uprising of
Chechnya and with their deputies together with
Chechens solemnly swore allegiance to
Imam Shamil in the large center village of Lesser Chechnya,
Urus-Martan, thus becoming part of the Imamate.[9]
As the letter of
Muhammad Amin Asiyalav dating back to October of 1848 states, the Naib of
Vilayet Kalay (Galashkinskoe Naibstvo) was selected Muhammad-Mirza Anzorov, a
Kabardiannaib, who also at the time ruled Minor Chechnya as the district of Imamate:
From the knowledgeable mudir, adherent of Islam Muhammadamin to his generous brothers and glorious friends, the valiant, zealous, brave inhabitants of Kalai and Arashdi – salam is constant.
And then – obedience to the imam is the duty of every person, and helping Islam is the duty of men.
You should obey the one who is placed over you, and he is our faithful brother Muhammadmirza.[30]
The Galashians were conquered in the end of Caucasian War after numerous punitive expeditions.[31]
Chronology of major events:
1830 — Punitive expedition of
Abkhazov to mountainous Ingushetia,[32] during which the Galashian society was also affected.[31]
1832 — Due to the collaboration of
Ingush with
Ghazi Muhammad and the murder of a bailiff, Rozen led a punitive expedition on Ingush and went through
Dzheyrakh and
Metskhal around
Khamkhi and
Tsori,[33] during which the Galashian society was also affected.[31]
1840 — the
Karabulak (Orstkhoy) and Galashian societies joined the uprising of Chechnya and with their deputies together with Chechens solemnly swore allegiance to
Imam Shamil in the large center village of Lesser Chechnya,
Urus-Martan.[9] Thus Galashkinskoe Naibstvo was established.
January of 1847 — Russian troops under the command of General Nesterov made a punitive expedition to Galashian Gorge.[34]
1858 — The Galashians together with the
Nazranians took part in one of the episodes of the Great Caucasian War — the
Nazran uprising, which ended unsuccessfully and the leaders of the uprising were either executed or exiled.[35][36][31]
After the end of the war — Galashians, alongside Akkins, Tsorins and Ghalghaï were forcibly evicted/resettled to lowlands and their lands were given to
Cossacks.[31]
Modern History
After the
Russian Revolution of 1917, when the Cossack stripes that divided the
Ingush societies were mostly eliminated, the official significance of territorial societies weakened, and soon after the formation of the
Ingush Autonomous Oblast, it completely disappeared. Nevertheless, for some time the Ingush who inhabited the foothill lands and especially the
Galashkinsky District [
ru], continued to be called Galashians.[37]
^Also known as Galash (Галашъ), Galashi (Галаши) and Shadgoyians.[2]
^Galashians, including under the names such as Galashi, Galash, Shadgoyians, were mentioned as an Ingush society by Blaramberg,[3] "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840",[4]Karl Koch,[5] "Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851",[6] I. Ivanov,[7] Volkonsky,[8] Rzhevusky,[9] Vertepov,[10] Pantyukhov,[11] Kovalevsky,[12]Dmitry Milyutin,[13] Martirosian,[14] Soviet Ethnography,[15] Krupnov,[16] Volkova,[17] Dagestani branch of the
Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union,[18] G. Anchabadze,[19] Berzhnoy, Dobaev, Kraynyuchenko[20] and V. A. Kuznetsov.[21]
^According to other sources, Galashians are simply a branch of the
Karabulaks (Orstkhoy).[25][26]
"Къ племени Ингушей, занимающихъ плоскость и котловины Кавказских горъ съ правой стороны Терека до верхних частей Аргуна и до теченія Фартанги, принадлежатъ: 1) Назрановцы с Комбулейскимъ обществомъ, 2) Джераховцы, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Цоринцы, 5) Ближніе Кистинцы с небольшимъ обществомъ Малхинцевъ вновь покорившимся, 6) Галгай, 7) Галашевцы, 8) дальніе Кисты…"
^
abСборник документов 1959, p. 125 ("Ведомость о численности народонаселения Кавказа и степени их покорности Царскому правительству. Июнь 1833 г." (ЦГИА Гр. ССР ф. 2, on. 1, д. 2459, лл. 63—69. Подлинник)).
"Кавказскій край" [Caucasian territory]. Военно-статистическое обозрѣніе Россійской имперіи: издаваемое по высочайшему повеленію при 1-м отделеніи Департамента Генеральнаго штаба [Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire: published by the highest command at the 1st branch of the Department of the General Staff] (in Russian). Vol. 16: Part 1. St Petersburg: Типографія Департамента Генеральнаго штаба. 1851. pp. 1–274.
Вертепов, Г. А. (1892). "Ингуши. Историко-статистическій очеркъ". In Максимов, Е.; Вертепов, Г. А. (eds.).
Туземцы Сѣвернаго Кавказа. Историко-статистическіе очерки. Выпускъ первый. Осетины, ингуши, кабардинцы [Natives of the North Caucasus. Historical and statistical essays. First issue. Ossetians, Ingush, Kabardians] (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Типографія Областнаго правленія Терской Области. pp. 71–138.
Пантюхов, И. И. (1901).
Ингуши: антропологическій очеркъ [Ingush: an anthropological essay] (in Russian). Тифлисъ: Типографія К. П. Козловскаго. pp. 1–35.
Ковалевскій, П. И. (1914).
Народы Кавказа [Peoples of the Caucasus]. Кавказъ (in Russian). Vol. 1. St Petersburg: Типографія М. И. Акинфіева. pp. 1–346.
Мартиросиан, Г. К. (1928).
Нагорная Ингушия [Upland Ingushiya] (in Russian). Владикавказ: Государственная типография Автономной Области Ингушии. pp. 1–153.
Бережной, Сергей Евгеньевич; Добаев, И. П; Крайнюченко, Павел Владимирович (2003). Волкова, Н. Г. (ed.).
"Ислам и исламизм на юге России" [Islam and Islamism in the South of Russia] (PDF). Южно-Российское обозрение (in Russian) (17). Ростов-на-Дону: СКНЦ ВШ: 1–243 (as PDF).
ISBN9785878721448.
Долгиева, М. Б.; Картоев, М. М.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Матиев, Т. Х. (2013). Кодзоев, Н. Д. (ed.).
История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4nd ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. pp. 1–600.
ISBN978-5-98864-056-1.
Гаджиев, В. Г.; Рамазанов, Х. Х. (1959). Даниялов, Г.-А. Д. (ed.).
Движение горцев Северо-Восточного Кавказа в 20—50 гг. XIX века: сборник документов [The movement of the highlanders of the North-Eastern Caucasus in the 20–50s of 19th century: collection of documents] (PDF) (in Russian). Махачкала: Дагестанское книжное изд-во. pp. 1–787.
Генко, А. Н. (1930).
"Из культурного прошлого ингушей" [From the cultural past of the Ingush]. Записки коллегии востоковедов при Азиатском музее [Notes of the College of Orientalists at the Asian Museum] (in Russian). Vol. 5. Ленинград: Издательство Академии наук СССР. pp. 681–761.
Чудиновъ, В. (1889).
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Кавказскій сборникъ [Caucasian Collection] (in Russian). Vol. 13. Тифлисъ: Типографія Окружнаго штаба Кавказскаго военнаго округа. pp. 1–122.