The four hu ( Chinese: 四呼; pinyin: sì hū) are a traditional way of classifying syllable finals of Mandarin dialects, including Standard Chinese, based on different glides before the central vowel of the final. They are [1] [2]
The terms kāikǒu and hékǒu come from the Song dynasty rime tables describing Middle Chinese. [3] The Qing phonologist Pan Lei divided each of these categories in two based on the absence or presence of palatalization, and named the two new categories. [4]
This traditional classification is reflected in the bopomofo notation for the finals, but less directly in the pinyin: [a]
Kāikǒu | Qíchǐ | Hékǒu | Cuōkǒu | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | IPA | Bopomofo | Pinyin | |||
a | ㄚ | a | ia | ㄧㄚ | ia | ua | ㄨㄚ | ua | ||||||
ɤ | ㄜ | e | ie | ㄧㄝ | ie | uo | ㄨㄛ | uo [b] | ye | ㄩㄝ | üe [c] | |||
ɨ | ㄭ | -i | i | ㄧ | i | u | ㄨ | u | y | ㄩ | ü [c] | |||
ai | ㄞ | ai | uai | ㄨㄞ | uai | |||||||||
ei | ㄟ | ei | uei | ㄨㄟ | wei/-ui | |||||||||
au | ㄠ | ao | iau | ㄧㄠ | iao | |||||||||
ou | ㄡ | ou | iou | ㄧㄡ | you/-iu | |||||||||
an | ㄢ | an | iɛn | ㄧㄢ | ian | uan | ㄨㄢ | uan | yɛn | ㄩㄢ | üan [c] | |||
ən | ㄣ | en | in | ㄧㄣ | in | uən | ㄨㄣ | wen/-un | yn | ㄩㄣ | ün [c] | |||
aŋ | ㄤ | ang | iaŋ | ㄧㄤ | iang | uaŋ | ㄨㄤ | uang | ||||||
əŋ | ㄥ | eng | iŋ | ㄧㄥ | ing | uəŋ, ʊŋ | ㄨㄥ | weng/-ong | iʊŋ | ㄩㄥ | iong | |||
aɚ | ㄦ | er |