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Forasartan
Clinical data
Other namesSC-52458
Pregnancy
category
  • Not assigned
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • Development halted, never marketed [1]
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life1–2 hours
Identifiers
  • 5-[(3,5-Dibutyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl]-2-[2-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl]pyridine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard ( EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC23H28N8
Molar mass416.533 g·mol−1
3D model ( JSmol)
  • CCCCC1=NN(C(=N1)CCCC)CC2=CN=C(C=C2)C3=CC=CC=C3C4=NNN=N4
  • InChI=1S/C23H28N8/c1-3-5-11-21-25-22(12-6-4-2)31(28-21)16-17-13-14-20(24-15-17)18-9-7-8-10-19(18)23-26-29-30-27-23/h7-10,13-15H,3-6,11-12,16H2,1-2H3,(H,26,27,29,30)
  • Key:YONOBYIBNBCDSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Forasartan, otherwise known as the compound SC-52458, is a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB, AT1 receptor blocker). [2] [3] [4] [5]

Indications

Forasartan is indicated for the treatment of hypertension [6] and, similar to other ARBs, it protects the kidneys from kidney blood vessel damage caused by increased kidney blood pressure by blocking renin–angiotensin system activation. [7]

Administration

Forasartan is administered in the active oral form [6] which means that it must go through first pass metabolism in the liver. The dose administered ranges between 150 mg-200 mg daily. [6] Increasing to more than 200 mg daily does not offer significantly greater AT1 receptor inhibition. [6] Forasartan is absorbed quickly in the GI, and within an hour it becomes significantly biologically active. [6] Peak plasma concentrations of the drug are reached within one hour. [6]

Contraindications

Negative side effects of Forasartan are similar to other ARBs, and include hypotension and hyperkalemia. [8] There are no drug interactions identified with forasartan. [6]

Pharmacology

The angiotensin II receptor, type 1

Angiotensin II binds to AT1 receptors, increases contraction of vascular smooth muscle, and stimulates aldosterone resulting in sodium reabsorption and increase in blood volume. [9] Smooth muscle contraction occurs due to increased calcium influx through the L-type calcium channels in smooth muscle cells during the plateau component, increasing the intracellular calcium and membrane potential which sustain depolarization and contraction. [10]

Effects

Forasartan is a competitive and reversible ARB that competes with the angiotensin II binding site on AT1 [11] and relaxes vascular smooth muscle, [10] resulting in decreased blood pressure. Forasartan has a high affinity for the AT1 receptor ( IC50=2.9 +/- 0.1nM). [12] In dogs, it was found to block the pressor response of Angiotensin II with maximal inhibition, 91%. [10] Forasartan administration selectively inhibits L-type calcium channels in the plateau component of the smooth muscle cells, favoring relaxation of the smooth muscle. [10] Forasartan also decreases heart rate by inhibiting the positive chronotropic effect of high frequency preganglionic stimuli. [13]

Scarce use

Even though experiments have been conducted on rabbits, [6] guinea pigs, [10] dogs [14] and humans, [6] [13] forasartan is not a popular drug of choice for hypertension due to its short duration of action; forasartan is less effective than losartan. [6] Research demonstrates that forasartan is also significantly less potent than losartan. [6]

See also

References

  1. ^ Bräse S, Banert K (2010). Organic Azides: Syntheses and Applications. New York: Wiley. p. 38. ISBN  978-0-470-51998-1.
  2. ^ Knox C, Law V, Jewison T, Liu P, Ly S, Frolkis A, et al. (January 2011). "DrugBank 3.0: a comprehensive resource for 'omics' research on drugs". Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (Database issue): D1035–D1041. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq1126. PMC  3013709. PMID  21059682.
  3. ^ Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Cheng D, Shrivastava S, Tzur D, et al. (January 2008). "DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets". Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (Database issue): D901–D906. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm958. PMC  2238889. PMID  18048412.
  4. ^ Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Shrivastava S, Hassanali M, Stothard P, et al. (January 2006). "DrugBank: a comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (Database issue): D668–D672. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkj067. PMC  1347430. PMID  16381955.
  5. ^ Olins GM, Corpus VM, Chen ST, McMahon EG, Palomo MA, McGraw DE, et al. (October 1993). "Pharmacology of SC-52458, an orally active, nonpeptide angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist". Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 22 (4): 617–625. doi: 10.1097/00005344-199310000-00016. PMID  7505365. S2CID  93468.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hagmann M, Nussberger J, Naudin RB, Burns TS, Karim A, Waeber B, Brunner HR (April 1997). "SC-52458, an orally active angiotensin II-receptor antagonist: inhibition of blood pressure response to angiotensin II challenges and pharmacokinetics in normal volunteers". Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 29 (4): 444–450. doi: 10.1097/00005344-199704000-00003. PMID  9156352.
  7. ^ Naik P, Murumkar P, Giridhar R, Yadav MR (December 2010). "Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) selective nonpeptidic antagonists--a perspective". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 18 (24): 8418–8456. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.043. PMID  21071232.
  8. ^ Ram CV (August 2008). "Angiotensin receptor blockers: current status and future prospects". The American Journal of Medicine. 121 (8): 656–663. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.02.038. PMID  18691475.
  9. ^ Higuchi S, Ohtsu H, Suzuki H, Shirai H, Frank GD, Eguchi S (April 2007). "Angiotensin II signal transduction through the AT1 receptor: novel insights into mechanisms and pathophysiology". Clinical Science. 112 (8): 417–428. doi: 10.1042/cs20060342. PMID  17346243. S2CID  27624282.
  10. ^ a b c d e Usune S, Furukawa T (October 1996). "Effects of SC-52458, a new nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, on increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations and contraction induced by angiotensin II and K(+)-depolarization in guinea-pig taenia coli". General Pharmacology. 27 (7): 1179–1185. doi: 10.1016/s0306-3623(96)00058-4. PMID  8981065.
  11. ^ Olins GM, Chen ST, McMahon EG, Palomo MA, Reitz DB (January 1995). "Elucidation of the insurmountable nature of an angiotensin receptor antagonist, SC-54629". Molecular Pharmacology. 47 (1): 115–120. PMID  7838120.
  12. ^ Csajka C, Buclin T, Fattinger K, Brunner HR, Biollaz J (2002). "Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of angiotensin receptor blockade in healthy volunteers". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 41 (2): 137–152. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200241020-00005. PMID  11888333. S2CID  13185772.
  13. ^ a b Kushiku K, Yamada H, Shibata K, Tokunaga R, Katsuragi T, Furukawa T (January 2001). "Upregulation of immunoreactive angiotensin II release and angiotensinogen mRNA expression by high-frequency preganglionic stimulation at the canine cardiac sympathetic ganglia". Circulation Research. 88 (1): 110–116. doi: 10.1161/01.res.88.1.110. PMID  11139482.
  14. ^ McMahon EG, Yang PC, Babler MA, Suleymanov OD, Palomo MA, Olins GM, Cook CS (June 1997). "Effects of SC-52458, an angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist, in the dog". American Journal of Hypertension. 10 (6): 671–677. doi: 10.1016/s0895-7061(96)00500-6. PMID  9194514.
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