A Fibonacci word is a specific sequence of
binary digits (or symbols from any two-letter
alphabet). The Fibonacci word is formed by repeated
concatenation in the same way that the
Fibonacci numbers are formed by repeated addition.
The name "Fibonacci word" has also been used to refer to the members of a
formal languageL consisting of strings of zeros and ones with no two repeated ones. Any prefix of the specific Fibonacci word belongs to L, but so do many other strings. L has a Fibonacci number of members of each possible length.
Definition
Let be "0" and be "01". Now (the concatenation of the previous sequence and the one before that).
The infinite Fibonacci word is the limit , that is, the (unique) infinite sequence that contains each , for finite , as a prefix.
Enumerating items from the above definition produces:
0
01
010
01001
01001010
0100101001001
...
The first few elements of the infinite Fibonacci word are:
The nth digit of the word is where is the
golden ratio and is the
floor function (sequence A003849 in the
OEIS). As a consequence, the infinite Fibonacci word can be characterized by a cutting sequence of a line of slope or . See the figure above.
Substitution rules
Another way of going from Sn to Sn +1 is to replace each symbol 0 in Sn with the pair of consecutive symbols 0, 1 in Sn +1, and to replace each symbol 1 in Sn with the single symbol 0 in Sn +1.
Alternatively, one can imagine directly generating the entire infinite Fibonacci word by the following process: start with a cursor pointing to the single digit 0. Then, at each step, if the cursor is pointing to a 0, append 1, 0 to the end of the word, and if the cursor is pointing to a 1, append 0 to the end of the word. In either case, complete the step by moving the cursor one position to the right.
A similar infinite word, sometimes called the rabbit sequence, is generated by a similar infinite process with a different replacement rule: whenever the cursor is pointing to a 0, append 1, and whenever the cursor is pointing to a 1, append 0, 1. The resulting sequence begins
However this sequence differs from the Fibonacci word only trivially, by swapping 0s for 1s and shifting the positions by one.
A closed form expression for the so-called rabbit sequence:
The nth digit of the word is
Discussion
The word is related to the famous sequence of the same name (the
Fibonacci sequence) in the sense that addition of integers in the
inductive definition is replaced with string concatenation. This causes the length of Sn to be Fn +2, the (n +2)nd Fibonacci number. Also the number of 1s in Sn is Fn and the number of 0s in Sn is Fn +1.
Other properties
The infinite Fibonacci word is not periodic and not ultimately periodic.[citation needed]
The last two letters of a Fibonacci word are alternately "01" and "10".
Suppressing the last two letters of a Fibonacci word, or prefixing the complement of the last two letters, creates a
palindrome. Example: 01S4 = 0101001010 is a palindrome. The
palindromic density of the infinite Fibonacci word is thus 1/φ, where φ is the
golden ratio: this is the largest possible value for aperiodic words.[2]
In the infinite Fibonacci word, the ratio (number of letters)/(number of zeroes) is φ, as is the ratio of zeroes to ones.[citation needed]
The infinite Fibonacci word is a
balanced sequence: Take two
factors of the same length anywhere in the Fibonacci word. The difference between their
Hamming weights (the number of occurrences of "1") never exceeds 1.[3]
The
complexity function of the infinite Fibonacci word is n + 1: it contains n + 1 distinct subwords of length n. Example: There are 4 distinct subwords of length 3: "001", "010", "100" and "101". Being also non-periodic, it is then of "minimal complexity", and hence a
Sturmian word,[4] with slope . The infinite Fibonacci word is the
standard word generated by the
directive sequence (1,1,1,....).
The infinite Fibonacci word is recurrent; that is, every subword occurs infinitely often.
If is a subword of the infinite Fibonacci word, then so is its reversal, denoted .
If is a subword of the infinite Fibonacci word, then the least period of is a Fibonacci number.
The concatenation of two successive Fibonacci words is "almost commutative". and differ only by their last two letters.
The number 0.010010100..., whose digits are built with the digits of the infinite Fibonacci word, is
transcendental.
The letters "1" can be found at the positions given by the successive values of the Upper Wythoff sequence (sequence A001950 in the
OEIS):
The letters "0" can be found at the positions given by the successive values of the Lower Wythoff sequence (sequence A000201 in the
OEIS):
The distribution of points on the
unit circle, placed consecutively clockwise by the golden angle , generates a pattern of two lengths on the unit circle. Although the above generating process of the Fibonacci word does not correspond directly to the successive division of circle segments, this pattern is if the pattern starts at the point nearest to the first point in clockwise direction, whereupon 0 corresponds to the long distance and 1 to the short distance.
The infinite Fibonacci word contains repetitions of 3 successive identical subwords, but none of 4. The
critical exponent for the infinite Fibonacci word is .[5] It is the smallest index (or critical exponent) among all Sturmian words.
The infinite Fibonacci word is often cited as the
worst case for algorithms detecting repetitions in a string.
The infinite Fibonacci word is a
morphic word, generated in {0,1}* by the endomorphism 0 → 01, 1 → 0.[6]
The nth element of a Fibonacci word, , is 1 if the
Zeckendorf representation (the sum of a specific set of Fibonacci numbers) of n includes a 1, and 0 if it does not include a 1.
The digits of the Fibonacci word may be obtained by taking the sequence of
fibbinary numbersmodulo 2.[7]
Applications
Fibonacci based constructions are currently used to model physical systems with aperiodic order such as
quasicrystals, and in this context the Fibonacci word is also called the Fibonacci quasicrystal.[8] Crystal growth techniques have been used to grow Fibonacci layered crystals and study their light scattering properties.[9]
Adamczewski, Boris; Bugeaud, Yann (2010), "8. Transcendence and diophantine approximation", in
Berthé, Valérie; Rigo, Michael (eds.), Combinatorics, automata, and number theory, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 135, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, p. 443,
ISBN978-0-521-51597-9,
Zbl1271.11073.
Kimberling, Clark (2004), "Ordering words and sets of numbers: the Fibonacci case", in Howard, Frederic T. (ed.), Applications of Fibonacci Numbers, Volume 9: Proceedings of The Tenth International Research Conference on Fibonacci Numbers and Their Applications, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 137–144,
doi:
10.1007/978-0-306-48517-6_14,
MR2076798.