The Sham Legion was formed on 10 March 2014 from 19 Islamist rebel groups in Syria. These groups operated from the
Aleppo Governorate to
Damascus, but were concentrated in the
Idlib,
Hama, and
Homs governorates. The formation aimed to "unify the ranks" of non-
al-Qaeda-affiliated Islamist rebels in Syria. After its formation, the group took part in the
Battle of Morek and
Khan Shaykhun in 2014. Upon the formation of the group, it immediately distanced itself from the
Syrian Muslim Brotherhood in order to win
Saudi aid.[1] The group also sent advisers to support
Libya Dawn forces based in
Tripoli, which were fighting against the
Libyan National Army.[24]
On 24 March 2015, the
Army of Conquest, an alliance of Sunni Islamist and
Salafist jihadist groups in Syria, was announced, with the Sham Legion as a member group. As part of the Army of Conquest, the Sham Legion took part in the
Battle of Idlib and the subsequent
Idlib and wider
Northwestern Syria offensives.[25] On 26 April 2015, along with six other major
Aleppo-based rebel groups (
Ahrar al-Sham,
Jaysh al-Islam,
Fastaqim Union,
Levant Front, Levant Revolutionaries Battalions, and Dawn of Caliphate Battalions), the Sham Legion established the
Fatah Halab joint operations room.[26][27]Major Yasser Abdul Rahim, field commander of the Sham Legion, was appointed commander of Fatah Halab, a position he maintained until government forces
recaptured all of Aleppo in December 2016.[6]
Between 2014 and 2016, the Sham Legion was at one point a rebel group vetted by the
United States and received
BGM-71 TOWanti-tank missiles from it.[28] In January 2016, the Northern Brigade was formed as part of the Sham Legion in the
Aleppo Governorate.[29] The group participated in
Operation Euphrates Shield, which began on 24 August 2016 in
Jarabulus and aimed to expel the
Syrian Democratic Forces and the
Islamic State from the northern Aleppo Governorate.[30] Following the campaign, the Sham Legion became involved in
inter-rebel conflict between the different
Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army (TFSA) factions. On 30 May 2017, after increasing inter-rebel conflict in northern Aleppo, the Sham Legion expelled the Northern Brigade from its ranks and dismissed its commander,
Captain Mustafa Rami al-Kuja.[31] The Sham Legion, along with six other TFSA groups, formed the Victory Bloc in June 2017,[32] while the Free North Brigade, formerly part of the
al-Tawhid Brigade, joined the Sham Legion on 16 June 2017.[33]
The Sham Legion also took part in the
Turkish military intervention in Afrin in 2018, with its chief commander Major Yasser Abdul Rahim serving as a "key member" of the campaign's Olive Branch Operations' Room. Rahim stated that the operation against the
Syrian Democratic Forces in the
Afrin District intended to "liberate the area from all kinds of terrorism and protect civilians,
Arabs and
Kurds" and that the TFSA would attempt to avoid civilian casualties.[5] On 7 February 2018, Rahim was dismissed from his position as commander without explanation, and was replaced by Khaldun Mador ("Abu Jamil"). Khaldun, reportedly the third highest-ranking commander of the Sham Legion.[6] Rahim went on to join the
Glory Corps.[34] In May 2018, along with 10 other rebel groups in northwestern Syria, the Sham Legion formed the
National Front for Liberation, which was officially announced on 28 May.
ColonelFadlallah al-Haji, commander of the Sham Legion, was appointed as the overall commander of the formation.[17] On 4 June, the
Martyrs of Islam Brigade, also part of the NFL, joined the Sham Legion.[35]
On 26 October 2020,
Russian warplanestargeted a training camp of the Sham Legion, near
Kafr Takharim in Idlib Governorate. The strike killed at least 78 fighters and wounded over 100 more.[36][37][38] The director of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Rami Abdel Rahman, called the strike the heaviest attack since the beginning of the ceasefire in March 2020.[39][40] A rebel spokesman gave estimates of more than 170 fighters dead or were wounded.[41][42]