Fārsīwān (
Pashto/
Persian: فارسیوان or its regional forms: Pārsīwān or Pārsībān,[1] "Persian speaker") is a contemporary designation for
Persian speakers in
Afghanistan and its diaspora elsewhere. More specifically, it was originally used to refer to a distinct group of farmers in Afghanistan[2][3][4][5] and urban dwellers. [6]
The Farsiwan are often mistakenly referred to as
Tajiks.[1][7] Although the term was originally coined with the Persian lexical root (Pārsībān), the suffix has been transformed into a
Pashto form (-wān) and is usually used by the
Pashtuns to designate both the Tajiks and the Farsiwans.
Characteristics
Like the Persians of Iran, the Farsiwan are often distinguished from Tajiks by their adherence to
Shia Islam as opposed to the Sunni Islam favored by the majority of Tajiks. However, there are also minor linguistic differences especially among the rural Farsiwan. The Farsiwan sometimes speak a dialect more akin to the
Darī dialects of the
Persian language, for example the dialect of
Kabul,[8][9] as opposed to the standard Tehrānī dialect of Iran. However, most of the Fārsīwān speak the Khorasani dialect, native to the
Afghanistan–Iran border region, namely
Herāt and
Farāh, as well as the Iranian provinces of
Khorasan. Unlike the
Hazara, who are also Persian-speaking and Shia, the Farsiwan do not show any, or very limited, traces of
Turkic and
Mongol ancestry.[10] Although the
Qizilbash of Iran and Afghanistan are also Persian-speaking Shias, they are usually regarded as a separate group from the Farsiwan.[11]
Some confusion arises because an alternative name used locally for the Fārsīwān (as well as for the Tājiks in general) is Dehgān, meaning "village settlers", in the sense of "urban". The term is used in contrast to "nomadic".[12]
Geographic distribution
There are approximately 1.5 million Farsiwans in Afghanistan, mainly in the provinces of
Herat,
Farah[13]Ghor, and
Mazar-i-Sharif. They are also the main inhabitants of the city of
Herāt.[14] Smaller populations can be found in
Kabul,
Kandahar and
Ghazni.[12][15] Due to the large number of refugees from Afghanistan, significant Farsiwan communities nowadays also exist in Iran (mostly in
Mashhad and
Tehran).
^
abThe Encyc. Iranica makes clear in the article on Afghanistan — Ethnography that "The term Farsiwan also has the regional forms Parsiwan and Parsiban. In religion, they are Imami Shia. In literature, they are often mistakenly referred to as Tajik."
Dupree, Louis (1982) "Afghanistan: (iv.) Ethnography", in Encyclopædia Iranica Online Edition 2006.
^Maloney, Clarence (1978) Language and Civilization Change in South Asia E.J. Brill, Leiden,
ISBN90-04-05741-2, on page 131.
^Hanifi, Mohammed Jamil (1976) Historical and Cultural Dictionary of Afghanistan Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, N.J.,
ISBN0-8108-0892-7, on page 36
^M. Longworth Dames; G. Morgenstierne; R. Ghirshman (1999). "AFGHĀNISTĀN". Encyclopaedia of Islam (CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0 ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
^Emadi, Hafizullah (2005) Culture And Customs Of Afghanistan Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn.,
ISBN0-313-33089-1, on page 11 says: "Farsiwan are a small group of people who reside in southern and western towns and villages in Herat. They are sometimes erroneously referred to as Tajiks."
^Ch. M. Kieffer, "Afghanistan v. - Languages of Afghanistan", in
Encyclopaedia Iranica, printed version,
p. 507Archived 2009-04-14 at the
Wayback Machine: "[...] 'Dari' is a term long recommended by Afghan authorities to designate Afghan Persian in contrast to Iranian Persian; a written language common to all educated Afghanis, Dari must not be confused with Kaboli, the dialect of Kabul [...] that is more or less understood by more than 80% of the non-Persian speaking population [...]"
^E. H. Glassman, “Conversational Dari: An Introductory Course in Dari (= Farsi = Persian) as Spoken in Afghanistan” (revised edition of “Conversational Kabuli Dari,” with the assistance of M. Taher Porjosh), Kabul (The Language and Orientation Committee, International Afghan Mission, P.O. Box 625), 1970-72.
^Library of Congress Country Studies - Afghanistan - Farsiwan (
LINK)
^Savory, Roger M. (1965) "The consolidation of Safawid power in Persia" In Savory, Roger M. (1987) Studies on the History of Ṣafawid Iran Variorum Reprints, London,
ISBN0-86078-204-2, originally published in Der Islam no. 41 (October 1965) pp. 71-94